Skip to content

docs: add workflow deep-dive articles#1583

Closed
johnlindquist wants to merge 1 commit intomainfrom
deep-dives
Closed

docs: add workflow deep-dive articles#1583
johnlindquist wants to merge 1 commit intomainfrom
deep-dives

Conversation

@johnlindquist
Copy link
Copy Markdown
Contributor

@johnlindquist johnlindquist commented Apr 1, 2026

Summary

  • Add 5 deep-dive topics (compiler/SWC plugin, cost model, durability/replay, durable streaming, step execution model) each in blog, reference, and social formats (15 new files)
  • Update code-transform doc with refined runtime details

Test plan

  • Verify deep-dive MDX files render correctly in docs
  • Confirm no broken links in related-links sections

@johnlindquist
docs: add workflow deep-dive articles
422295f 
Add 5 deep-dive topics (compiler/SWC plugin, cost model, durability/replay,
durable streaming, step execution model) each in blog, reference, and social
formats. Update code-transform doc with refined runtime details.
@vercel
Copy link
Copy Markdown
Contributor

vercel bot commented Apr 1, 2026 •
edited
Loading

The latest updates on your projects. Learn more about Vercel for GitHub.

Project Deployment Actions Updated (UTC)
example-nextjs-workflow-turbopack Ready Ready Preview, Comment Apr 1, 2026 5:45pm
example-nextjs-workflow-webpack Ready Ready Preview, Comment Apr 1, 2026 5:45pm
example-workflow Ready Ready Preview, Comment Apr 1, 2026 5:45pm
workbench-astro-workflow Ready Ready Preview, Comment Apr 1, 2026 5:45pm
workbench-express-workflow Ready Ready Preview, Comment Apr 1, 2026 5:45pm
workbench-fastify-workflow Ready Ready Preview, Comment Apr 1, 2026 5:45pm
workbench-hono-workflow Ready Ready Preview, Comment Apr 1, 2026 5:45pm
workbench-nitro-workflow Ready Ready Preview, Comment Apr 1, 2026 5:45pm
workbench-nuxt-workflow Ready Ready Preview, Comment Apr 1, 2026 5:45pm
workbench-sveltekit-workflow Ready Ready Preview, Comment Apr 1, 2026 5:45pm
workbench-vite-workflow Ready Ready Preview, Comment Apr 1, 2026 5:45pm
workflow-docs Ready Ready Preview, Comment, Open in v0 Apr 1, 2026 5:45pm
workflow-swc-playground Ready Ready Preview, Comment Apr 1, 2026 5:45pm

@johnlindquist johnlindquist requested a review from a team as a code owner April 1, 2026 17:43
@changeset-bot
Copy link
Copy Markdown

changeset-bot bot commented Apr 1, 2026

⚠️ No Changeset found

Latest commit: 422295f

Merging this PR will not cause a version bump for any packages. If these changes should not result in a new version, you're good to go. If these changes should result in a version bump, you need to add a changeset.

This PR includes no changesets

When changesets are added to this PR, you'll see the packages that this PR includes changesets for and the associated semver types

Click here to learn what changesets are, and how to add one.

Click here if you're a maintainer who wants to add a changeset to this PR

@github-actions
Copy link
Copy Markdown
Contributor

github-actions bot commented Apr 1, 2026 •
edited
Loading

🧪 E2E Test Results

❌ Some tests failed

Summary

Passed Failed Skipped Total
❌ ▲ Vercel Production 845 1 67 913
✅ 💻 Local Development 818 0 178 996
✅ 📦 Local Production 818 0 178 996
✅ 🐘 Local Postgres 818 0 178 996
✅ 🪟 Windows 75 0 8 83
❌ 🌍 Community Worlds 132 60 24 216
✅ 📋 Other 207 0 42 249
Total 3713 61 675 4449

❌ Failed Tests

▲ Vercel Production (1 failed)

vite (1 failed):

🌍 Community Worlds (60 failed)

mongodb (3 failed):

  • hookWorkflow is not resumable via public webhook endpoint | wrun_01KN52E84NWEYYVDJMM31WANJG
  • webhookWorkflow | wrun_01KN52EHB455C5CFJA3A8620XH
  • concurrent hook token conflict - two workflows cannot use the same hook token simultaneously | wrun_01KN52Q2ZX2CC2ENETVR7M10MQ

redis (2 failed):

  • hookWorkflow is not resumable via public webhook endpoint | wrun_01KN52E84NWEYYVDJMM31WANJG
  • concurrent hook token conflict - two workflows cannot use the same hook token simultaneously | wrun_01KN52Q2ZX2CC2ENETVR7M10MQ

turso (55 failed):

  • addTenWorkflow | wrun_01KN52C91VZQ620KFFJQ4A0AP4
  • addTenWorkflow | wrun_01KN52C91VZQ620KFFJQ4A0AP4
  • wellKnownAgentWorkflow (.well-known/agent) | wrun_01KN52E982PPJ57KET0Y7ST473
  • should work with react rendering in step
  • promiseAllWorkflow | wrun_01KN52CHCWVPB76JJFPGQR6WN7
  • promiseRaceWorkflow | wrun_01KN52CP2716NX5ADX6AE69FE7
  • promiseAnyWorkflow | wrun_01KN52CRCH48N3H4Y9TM2WCYF0
  • importedStepOnlyWorkflow | wrun_01KN52EQ8CMY94GXNDSBFB7BN5
  • hookWorkflow | wrun_01KN52DW9TSA5WA58A83QFKYWN
  • hookWorkflow is not resumable via public webhook endpoint | wrun_01KN52E84NWEYYVDJMM31WANJG
  • webhookWorkflow | wrun_01KN52EHB455C5CFJA3A8620XH
  • sleepingWorkflow | wrun_01KN52ERKHGFCXYFTVXPD36EM4
  • parallelSleepWorkflow | wrun_01KN52F4EZ13MP4DT4N56K1Q16
  • nullByteWorkflow | wrun_01KN52F87SVX601A3E0TYX9WH7
  • workflowAndStepMetadataWorkflow | wrun_01KN52FAH3PFHGG65RYF4C240F
  • fetchWorkflow | wrun_01KN52JDR8PNB4SH2ZGAKZNB7C
  • promiseRaceStressTestWorkflow | wrun_01KN52JJEPPKN0TVRGTNQWPF9Y
  • error handling error propagation workflow errors nested function calls preserve message and stack trace
  • error handling error propagation workflow errors cross-file imports preserve message and stack trace
  • error handling error propagation step errors basic step error preserves message and stack trace
  • error handling error propagation step errors cross-file step error preserves message and function names in stack
  • error handling retry behavior regular Error retries until success
  • error handling retry behavior FatalError fails immediately without retries
  • error handling retry behavior RetryableError respects custom retryAfter delay
  • error handling retry behavior maxRetries=0 disables retries
  • error handling catchability FatalError can be caught and detected with FatalError.is()
  • error handling not registered WorkflowNotRegisteredError fails the run when workflow does not exist
  • error handling not registered StepNotRegisteredError fails the step but workflow can catch it
  • error handling not registered StepNotRegisteredError fails the run when not caught in workflow
  • hookCleanupTestWorkflow - hook token reuse after workflow completion | wrun_01KN52PC7W9764TVEVT5Q560JS
  • concurrent hook token conflict - two workflows cannot use the same hook token simultaneously | wrun_01KN52Q2ZX2CC2ENETVR7M10MQ
  • hookDisposeTestWorkflow - hook token reuse after explicit disposal while workflow still running | wrun_01KN52QSW62051PW0THMC1EJT8
  • stepFunctionPassingWorkflow - step function references can be passed as arguments (without closure vars) | wrun_01KN52RECM0ME99748SWJT0Q9J
  • stepFunctionWithClosureWorkflow - step function with closure variables passed as argument | wrun_01KN52RS0P3WFJ0BQTVBQVBVWM
  • closureVariableWorkflow - nested step functions with closure variables | wrun_01KN52RYYA7T1MJXQX8NFX1M7B
  • spawnWorkflowFromStepWorkflow - spawning a child workflow using start() inside a step | wrun_01KN52S29232C9CYYA8699VFQT
  • health check (queue-based) - workflow and step endpoints respond to health check messages
  • pathsAliasWorkflow - TypeScript path aliases resolve correctly | wrun_01KN52SK429ZX3KS8N2AJF3MFP
  • Calculator.calculate - static workflow method using static step methods from another class | wrun_01KN52SSC2PCK2326WHKGNTY6F
  • AllInOneService.processNumber - static workflow method using sibling static step methods | wrun_01KN52T1XB748GKKQ4TQYCK639
  • ChainableService.processWithThis - static step methods using this to reference the class | wrun_01KN52T90CK4HX1HPAR4CJBTDA
  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply() | wrun_01KN52TGF3VD8Y8PZ63XY5PT03
  • customSerializationWorkflow - custom class serialization with WORKFLOW_SERIALIZE/WORKFLOW_DESERIALIZE | wrun_01KN52TQT1QSAKF8CH4QG7XWZ4
  • instanceMethodStepWorkflow - instance methods with "use step" directive | wrun_01KN52TZHM29RJS08B1TR13BMX
  • crossContextSerdeWorkflow - classes defined in step code are deserializable in workflow context | wrun_01KN52VBGWGSKN9090NBAC061W
  • stepFunctionAsStartArgWorkflow - step function reference passed as start() argument | wrun_01KN52VMWHW788RNTZ16YS8EDT
  • cancelRun - cancelling a running workflow | wrun_01KN52VW2PEJTRXMVCVMK2PQDZ
  • cancelRun via CLI - cancelling a running workflow | wrun_01KN52W5RAJ76V4W7JNM8QCW13
  • pages router addTenWorkflow via pages router
  • pages router promiseAllWorkflow via pages router
  • pages router sleepingWorkflow via pages router
  • hookWithSleepWorkflow - hook payloads delivered correctly with concurrent sleep | wrun_01KN52WJK9G3Q2BEDGHWYPY4CE
  • sleepInLoopWorkflow - sleep inside loop with steps actually delays each iteration | wrun_01KN52X81HYFBQSYD9W2SKMYAM
  • sleepWithSequentialStepsWorkflow - sequential steps work with concurrent sleep (control) | wrun_01KN52XJTW6Q33C0W414C9HBW8
  • importMetaUrlWorkflow - import.meta.url is available in step bundles

Details by Category

❌ ▲ Vercel Production
App Passed Failed Skipped
✅ astro 76 0 7
✅ example 76 0 7
✅ express 76 0 7
✅ fastify 76 0 7
✅ hono 76 0 7
✅ nextjs-turbopack 81 0 2
✅ nextjs-webpack 81 0 2
✅ nitro 76 0 7
✅ nuxt 76 0 7
✅ sveltekit 76 0 7
❌ vite 75 1 7
✅ 💻 Local Development
App Passed Failed Skipped
✅ astro-stable 69 0 14
✅ express-stable 69 0 14
✅ fastify-stable 69 0 14
✅ hono-stable 69 0 14
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary 58 0 25
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable 75 0 8
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary 58 0 25
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable 75 0 8
✅ nitro-stable 69 0 14
✅ nuxt-stable 69 0 14
✅ sveltekit-stable 69 0 14
✅ vite-stable 69 0 14
✅ 📦 Local Production
App Passed Failed Skipped
✅ astro-stable 69 0 14
✅ express-stable 69 0 14
✅ fastify-stable 69 0 14
✅ hono-stable 69 0 14
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary 58 0 25
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable 75 0 8
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary 58 0 25
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable 75 0 8
✅ nitro-stable 69 0 14
✅ nuxt-stable 69 0 14
✅ sveltekit-stable 69 0 14
✅ vite-stable 69 0 14
✅ 🐘 Local Postgres
App Passed Failed Skipped
✅ astro-stable 69 0 14
✅ express-stable 69 0 14
✅ fastify-stable 69 0 14
✅ hono-stable 69 0 14
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary 58 0 25
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable 75 0 8
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary 58 0 25
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable 75 0 8
✅ nitro-stable 69 0 14
✅ nuxt-stable 69 0 14
✅ sveltekit-stable 69 0 14
✅ vite-stable 69 0 14
✅ 🪟 Windows
App Passed Failed Skipped
✅ nextjs-turbopack 75 0 8
❌ 🌍 Community Worlds
App Passed Failed Skipped
✅ mongodb-dev 5 0 0
❌ mongodb 56 3 8
✅ redis-dev 5 0 0
❌ redis 57 2 8
✅ turso-dev 5 0 0
❌ turso 4 55 8
✅ 📋 Other
App Passed Failed Skipped
✅ e2e-local-dev-nest-stable 69 0 14
✅ e2e-local-postgres-nest-stable 69 0 14
✅ e2e-local-prod-nest-stable 69 0 14

📋 View full workflow run

❌ Some E2E test jobs failed:

  • Vercel Prod: failure
  • Local Dev: success
  • Local Prod: success
  • Local Postgres: success
  • Windows: success

Check the workflow run for details.

@github-actions
Copy link
Copy Markdown
Contributor

github-actions bot commented Apr 1, 2026 •
edited
Loading

📊 Benchmark Results

📈 Comparing against baseline from main branch. Green 🟢 = faster, Red 🔺 = slower.

workflow with no steps

💻 Local Development

World Framework Workflow Time Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
💻 Local 🥇 Nitro 0.044s (~) 1.005s (~) 0.961s 10 1.00x
💻 Local Express 0.046s (+1.8%) 1.006s (~) 0.960s 10 1.03x
🐘 Postgres Nitro 0.062s (-10.7% 🟢) 1.014s (~) 0.952s 10 1.40x
🐘 Postgres Express 0.063s (-9.0% 🟢) 1.011s (~) 0.948s 10 1.42x
💻 Local Next.js (Turbopack) ⚠️ missing - - - -
🐘 Postgres Next.js (Turbopack) ⚠️ missing - - - -

▲ Production (Vercel)

World Framework Workflow Time Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
▲ Vercel 🥇 Next.js (Turbopack) 0.477s (-19.6% 🟢) 2.387s (-3.2%) 1.910s 10 1.00x
▲ Vercel Nitro 0.604s (+15.2% 🔺) 2.709s (-1.5%) 2.104s 10 1.27x
▲ Vercel Express 0.814s (+61.6% 🔺) 2.802s (+4.0%) 1.988s 10 1.71x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro | Express

workflow with 1 step

💻 Local Development

World Framework Workflow Time Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
💻 Local 🥇 Express 1.128s (~) 2.007s (~) 0.879s 10 1.00x
💻 Local Nitro 1.135s (~) 2.006s (~) 0.871s 10 1.01x
🐘 Postgres Nitro 1.144s (-0.6%) 2.011s (~) 0.867s 10 1.01x
🐘 Postgres Express 1.146s (~) 2.011s (~) 0.865s 10 1.02x
💻 Local Next.js (Turbopack) ⚠️ missing - - - -
🐘 Postgres Next.js (Turbopack) ⚠️ missing - - - -

▲ Production (Vercel)

World Framework Workflow Time Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
▲ Vercel 🥇 Next.js (Turbopack) 2.066s (-1.2%) 3.645s (-6.6% 🟢) 1.578s 10 1.00x
▲ Vercel Nitro 2.170s (+4.2%) 4.133s (+6.0% 🔺) 1.963s 10 1.05x
▲ Vercel Express 2.196s (-3.0%) 3.973s (~) 1.776s 10 1.06x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro | Express

workflow with 10 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World Framework Workflow Time Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres 🥇 Nitro 10.855s (-0.6%) 11.025s (~) 0.169s 3 1.00x
🐘 Postgres Express 10.897s (-0.5%) 11.023s (~) 0.126s 3 1.00x
💻 Local Nitro 10.903s (~) 11.022s (~) 0.119s 3 1.00x
💻 Local Express 10.914s (~) 11.023s (~) 0.109s 3 1.01x
💻 Local Next.js (Turbopack) ⚠️ missing - - - -
🐘 Postgres Next.js (Turbopack) ⚠️ missing - - - -

▲ Production (Vercel)

World Framework Workflow Time Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
▲ Vercel 🥇 Express 17.000s (-3.1%) 19.122s (-2.7%) 2.122s 2 1.00x
▲ Vercel Nitro 17.265s (-25.0% 🟢) 19.180s (-24.6% 🟢) 1.914s 2 1.02x
▲ Vercel Next.js (Turbopack) 18.636s (+9.1% 🔺) 20.405s (+6.6% 🔺) 1.769s 2 1.10x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 25 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World Framework Workflow Time Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres 🥇 Express 14.531s (-0.5%) 15.022s (~) 0.491s 4 1.00x
🐘 Postgres Nitro 14.641s (~) 15.024s (~) 0.383s 4 1.01x
💻 Local Nitro 14.930s (~) 15.029s (~) 0.099s 4 1.03x
💻 Local Express 14.933s (~) 15.028s (~) 0.095s 4 1.03x
💻 Local Next.js (Turbopack) ⚠️ missing - - - -
🐘 Postgres Next.js (Turbopack) ⚠️ missing - - - -

▲ Production (Vercel)

World Framework Workflow Time Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
▲ Vercel 🥇 Nitro 30.116s (-6.4% 🟢) 31.727s (-7.1% 🟢) 1.611s 2 1.00x
▲ Vercel Next.js (Turbopack) 31.509s (-5.0%) 33.504s (-4.4%) 1.995s 2 1.05x
▲ Vercel Express 31.700s (-9.4% 🟢) 33.293s (-9.6% 🟢) 1.593s 2 1.05x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack) | Express

workflow with 50 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World Framework Workflow Time Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres 🥇 Express 13.857s (-3.7%) 14.023s (-6.7% 🟢) 0.166s 7 1.00x
🐘 Postgres Nitro 14.168s (~) 15.027s (+2.0%) 0.859s 6 1.02x
💻 Local Nitro 16.533s (~) 17.030s (~) 0.497s 6 1.19x
💻 Local Express 16.661s (~) 17.032s (~) 0.371s 6 1.20x
💻 Local Next.js (Turbopack) ⚠️ missing - - - -
🐘 Postgres Next.js (Turbopack) ⚠️ missing - - - -

▲ Production (Vercel)

World Framework Workflow Time Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
▲ Vercel 🥇 Express 51.688s (-8.0% 🟢) 54.079s (-7.0% 🟢) 2.390s 2 1.00x
▲ Vercel Next.js (Turbopack) 53.398s (-10.8% 🟢) 55.193s (-10.3% 🟢) 1.795s 2 1.03x
▲ Vercel Nitro 53.678s (-6.7% 🟢) 55.684s (-7.1% 🟢) 2.006s 2 1.04x

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

Promise.all with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World Framework Workflow Time Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres 🥇 Nitro 1.277s (+1.2%) 2.010s (~) 0.733s 15 1.00x
🐘 Postgres Express 1.279s (~) 2.012s (~) 0.732s 15 1.00x
💻 Local Nitro 1.517s (-1.1%) 2.005s (~) 0.489s 15 1.19x
💻 Local Express 1.544s (~) 2.006s (~) 0.462s 15 1.21x
💻 Local Next.js (Turbopack) ⚠️ missing - - - -
🐘 Postgres Next.js (Turbopack) ⚠️ missing - - - -

▲ Production (Vercel)

World Framework Workflow Time Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
▲ Vercel 🥇 Next.js (Turbopack) 2.337s (-10.2% 🟢) 3.794s (-6.6% 🟢) 1.457s 8 1.00x
▲ Vercel Express 2.498s (-3.5%) 3.945s (-12.0% 🟢) 1.446s 8 1.07x
▲ Vercel Nitro 2.747s (+12.7% 🔺) 4.339s (+7.5% 🔺) 1.591s 7 1.18x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Express | Nitro

Promise.all with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World Framework Workflow Time Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres 🥇 Nitro 2.325s (-1.0%) 3.012s (~) 0.687s 10 1.00x
🐘 Postgres Express 2.368s (~) 3.009s (~) 0.642s 10 1.02x
💻 Local Nitro 2.910s (-1.8%) 3.108s (-10.0% 🟢) 0.198s 10 1.25x
💻 Local Express 2.966s (+1.3%) 3.453s (+14.8% 🔺) 0.487s 9 1.28x
💻 Local Next.js (Turbopack) ⚠️ missing - - - -
🐘 Postgres Next.js (Turbopack) ⚠️ missing - - - -

▲ Production (Vercel)

World Framework Workflow Time Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
▲ Vercel 🥇 Express 2.658s (+1.1%) 4.457s (+2.2%) 1.799s 7 1.00x
▲ Vercel Nitro 2.667s (-6.3% 🟢) 4.545s (+6.5% 🔺) 1.878s 7 1.00x
▲ Vercel Next.js (Turbopack) 2.929s (-19.4% 🟢) 4.495s (-11.8% 🟢) 1.567s 7 1.10x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.all with 50 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World Framework Workflow Time Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres 🥇 Nitro 3.439s (-1.1%) 4.011s (~) 0.572s 8 1.00x
🐘 Postgres Express 3.447s (-1.2%) 4.012s (~) 0.565s 8 1.00x
💻 Local Nitro 8.069s (~) 8.771s (+2.9%) 0.702s 4 2.35x
💻 Local Express 8.182s (~) 8.772s (-2.8%) 0.590s 4 2.38x
💻 Local Next.js (Turbopack) ⚠️ missing - - - -
🐘 Postgres Next.js (Turbopack) ⚠️ missing - - - -

▲ Production (Vercel)

World Framework Workflow Time Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
▲ Vercel 🥇 Express 3.850s (+5.3% 🔺) 5.587s (-1.7%) 1.737s 6 1.00x
▲ Vercel Next.js (Turbopack) 4.356s (+13.9% 🔺) 5.759s (-1.6%) 1.403s 6 1.13x
▲ Vercel Nitro 4.703s (+54.8% 🔺) 6.324s (+25.1% 🔺) 1.622s 5 1.22x

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

Promise.race with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World Framework Workflow Time Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres 🥇 Express 1.261s (~) 2.010s (~) 0.749s 15 1.00x
🐘 Postgres Nitro 1.267s (~) 2.010s (~) 0.743s 15 1.00x
💻 Local Express 1.559s (~) 2.005s (~) 0.446s 15 1.24x
💻 Local Nitro 1.564s (-0.7%) 2.006s (~) 0.442s 15 1.24x
💻 Local Next.js (Turbopack) ⚠️ missing - - - -
🐘 Postgres Next.js (Turbopack) ⚠️ missing - - - -

▲ Production (Vercel)

World Framework Workflow Time Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
▲ Vercel 🥇 Nitro 2.253s (-8.0% 🟢) 4.081s (+2.1%) 1.827s 8 1.00x
▲ Vercel Next.js (Turbopack) 2.276s (-3.9%) 3.640s (-8.8% 🟢) 1.364s 9 1.01x
▲ Vercel Express 2.344s (+1.0%) 3.954s (-1.3%) 1.611s 8 1.04x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack) | Express

Promise.race with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World Framework Workflow Time Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres 🥇 Nitro 2.319s (-1.6%) 3.010s (~) 0.691s 10 1.00x
🐘 Postgres Express 2.326s (~) 3.011s (~) 0.685s 10 1.00x
💻 Local Nitro 2.943s (-3.4%) 3.566s (-8.2% 🟢) 0.623s 9 1.27x
💻 Local Express 3.064s (-1.9%) 3.677s (-5.4% 🟢) 0.613s 9 1.32x
💻 Local Next.js (Turbopack) ⚠️ missing - - - -
🐘 Postgres Next.js (Turbopack) ⚠️ missing - - - -

▲ Production (Vercel)

World Framework Workflow Time Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
▲ Vercel 🥇 Nitro 2.534s (-12.5% 🟢) 4.147s (-3.9%) 1.614s 8 1.00x
▲ Vercel Express 2.605s (-10.9% 🟢) 4.102s (-9.7% 🟢) 1.497s 8 1.03x
▲ Vercel Next.js (Turbopack) 2.668s (-14.3% 🟢) 4.006s (-14.3% 🟢) 1.338s 8 1.05x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.race with 50 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World Framework Workflow Time Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres 🥇 Express 3.433s (-1.4%) 4.012s (~) 0.579s 8 1.00x
🐘 Postgres Nitro 3.490s (~) 4.013s (~) 0.522s 8 1.02x
💻 Local Nitro 8.655s (~) 9.022s (~) 0.367s 4 2.52x
💻 Local Express 8.844s (~) 9.523s (+2.7%) 0.679s 4 2.58x
💻 Local Next.js (Turbopack) ⚠️ missing - - - -
🐘 Postgres Next.js (Turbopack) ⚠️ missing - - - -

▲ Production (Vercel)

World Framework Workflow Time Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
▲ Vercel 🥇 Express 3.492s (+18.4% 🔺) 5.272s (+18.2% 🔺) 1.780s 6 1.00x
▲ Vercel Nitro 3.635s (+9.0% 🔺) 5.336s (+11.2% 🔺) 1.702s 6 1.04x
▲ Vercel Next.js (Turbopack) 4.285s (+12.8% 🔺) 5.569s (-2.2%) 1.285s 6 1.23x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 10 sequential data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World Framework Workflow Time Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres 🥇 Express 0.825s (-1.9%) 1.007s (~) 0.181s 60 1.00x
🐘 Postgres Nitro 0.869s (+2.9%) 1.025s (+1.8%) 0.155s 59 1.05x
💻 Local Nitro 0.977s (-1.2%) 1.095s (-7.3% 🟢) 0.119s 55 1.18x
💻 Local Express 0.990s (+0.7%) 1.181s (~) 0.191s 51 1.20x
💻 Local Next.js (Turbopack) ⚠️ missing - - - -
🐘 Postgres Next.js (Turbopack) ⚠️ missing - - - -

▲ Production (Vercel)

World Framework Workflow Time Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
▲ Vercel 🥇 Nitro 9.339s (-9.0% 🟢) 10.947s (-10.6% 🟢) 1.607s 6 1.00x
▲ Vercel Next.js (Turbopack) 9.489s (-16.8% 🟢) 10.689s (-20.3% 🟢) 1.200s 6 1.02x
▲ Vercel Express 9.504s (-5.3% 🟢) 11.290s (-6.9% 🟢) 1.787s 6 1.02x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack) | Express

workflow with 25 sequential data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World Framework Workflow Time Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres 🥇 Express 1.936s (-4.2%) 2.101s (-20.4% 🟢) 0.165s 43 1.00x
🐘 Postgres Nitro 2.151s (+5.9% 🔺) 2.854s (+5.1% 🔺) 0.703s 32 1.11x
💻 Local Nitro 2.998s (-0.6%) 3.453s (-4.3%) 0.455s 27 1.55x
💻 Local Express 3.026s (~) 3.729s (+4.0%) 0.704s 25 1.56x
💻 Local Next.js (Turbopack) ⚠️ missing - - - -
🐘 Postgres Next.js (Turbopack) ⚠️ missing - - - -

▲ Production (Vercel)

World Framework Workflow Time Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
▲ Vercel 🥇 Express 29.614s (-12.8% 🟢) 31.292s (-12.1% 🟢) 1.678s 3 1.00x
▲ Vercel Next.js (Turbopack) 29.619s (-13.7% 🟢) 31.332s (-13.1% 🟢) 1.713s 3 1.00x
▲ Vercel Nitro 29.807s (-13.1% 🟢) 32.141s (-11.5% 🟢) 2.334s 3 1.01x

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

workflow with 50 sequential data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World Framework Workflow Time Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres 🥇 Express 3.980s (-3.5%) 4.332s (-10.7% 🟢) 0.352s 28 1.00x
🐘 Postgres Nitro 4.203s (+2.5%) 4.934s (+2.5%) 0.732s 25 1.06x
💻 Local Nitro 9.163s (~) 9.864s (+0.8%) 0.701s 13 2.30x
💻 Local Express 9.205s (~) 10.019s (~) 0.813s 12 2.31x
💻 Local Next.js (Turbopack) ⚠️ missing - - - -
🐘 Postgres Next.js (Turbopack) ⚠️ missing - - - -

▲ Production (Vercel)

World Framework Workflow Time Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
▲ Vercel 🥇 Express 79.031s (-8.6% 🟢) 81.514s (-7.9% 🟢) 2.483s 2 1.00x
▲ Vercel Nitro 79.124s (-9.9% 🟢) 81.151s (-9.6% 🟢) 2.028s 2 1.00x
▲ Vercel Next.js (Turbopack) 86.203s (-6.4% 🟢) 87.723s (-6.5% 🟢) 1.521s 2 1.09x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 10 concurrent data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World Framework Workflow Time Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres 🥇 Express 0.281s (-4.9%) 1.008s (~) 0.726s 60 1.00x
🐘 Postgres Nitro 0.298s (+1.0%) 1.008s (~) 0.710s 60 1.06x
💻 Local Express 0.579s (-5.0% 🟢) 1.004s (-1.7%) 0.425s 60 2.06x
💻 Local Nitro 0.587s (+1.2%) 1.004s (~) 0.418s 60 2.08x
💻 Local Next.js (Turbopack) ⚠️ missing - - - -
🐘 Postgres Next.js (Turbopack) ⚠️ missing - - - -

▲ Production (Vercel)

World Framework Workflow Time Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
▲ Vercel 🥇 Next.js (Turbopack) 2.007s (~) 3.842s (+5.0%) 1.835s 16 1.00x
▲ Vercel Express 2.138s (+22.7% 🔺) 3.894s (+17.4% 🔺) 1.756s 16 1.07x
▲ Vercel Nitro 2.226s (+31.8% 🔺) 3.956s (+16.4% 🔺) 1.730s 16 1.11x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Express | Nitro

workflow with 25 concurrent data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World Framework Workflow Time Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres 🥇 Express 0.499s (-4.7%) 1.008s (~) 0.509s 90 1.00x
🐘 Postgres Nitro 0.512s (-0.8%) 1.008s (~) 0.496s 90 1.03x
💻 Local Express 2.473s (-2.4%) 3.009s (~) 0.536s 30 4.96x
💻 Local Nitro 2.530s (-0.9%) 3.008s (~) 0.478s 30 5.07x
💻 Local Next.js (Turbopack) ⚠️ missing - - - -
🐘 Postgres Next.js (Turbopack) ⚠️ missing - - - -

▲ Production (Vercel)

World Framework Workflow Time Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
▲ Vercel 🥇 Nitro 3.446s (-15.1% 🟢) 5.060s (-10.4% 🟢) 1.614s 18 1.00x
▲ Vercel Express 3.521s (+12.2% 🔺) 5.350s (+9.6% 🔺) 1.829s 17 1.02x
▲ Vercel Next.js (Turbopack) 4.392s (-92.2% 🟢) 5.830s (-89.9% 🟢) 1.437s 16 1.27x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 50 concurrent data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World Framework Workflow Time Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres 🥇 Express 0.769s (-6.4% 🟢) 1.008s (~) 0.238s 120 1.00x
🐘 Postgres Nitro 0.805s (~) 1.018s (+0.8%) 0.213s 118 1.05x
💻 Local Nitro 11.114s (-0.6%) 11.754s (~) 0.640s 11 14.44x
💻 Local Express 11.267s (~) 11.846s (~) 0.579s 11 14.64x
💻 Local Next.js (Turbopack) ⚠️ missing - - - -
🐘 Postgres Next.js (Turbopack) ⚠️ missing - - - -

▲ Production (Vercel)

World Framework Workflow Time Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
▲ Vercel 🥇 Next.js (Turbopack) 7.956s (+0.8%) 9.579s (~) 1.623s 13 1.00x
▲ Vercel Nitro 8.310s (+0.5%) 10.322s (+2.1%) 2.012s 12 1.04x
▲ Vercel Express 9.458s (+21.6% 🔺) 11.179s (+19.9% 🔺) 1.721s 11 1.19x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro | Express

Stream Benchmarks (includes TTFB metrics)
workflow with stream

💻 Local Development

World Framework Workflow Time TTFB Slurp Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
💻 Local 🥇 Express 0.203s (-1.9%) 1.003s (~) 0.012s (-1.7%) 1.018s (~) 0.814s 10 1.00x
🐘 Postgres Express 0.204s (-7.6% 🟢) 0.995s (~) 0.001s (-7.1% 🟢) 1.011s (~) 0.807s 10 1.00x
💻 Local Nitro 0.204s (~) 1.004s (~) 0.011s (+2.8%) 1.018s (~) 0.814s 10 1.00x
🐘 Postgres Nitro 0.210s (-1.0%) 0.993s (~) 0.002s (+25.0% 🔺) 1.012s (~) 0.802s 10 1.03x
💻 Local Next.js (Turbopack) ⚠️ missing - - - - -
🐘 Postgres Next.js (Turbopack) ⚠️ missing - - - - -

▲ Production (Vercel)

World Framework Workflow Time TTFB Slurp Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
▲ Vercel 🥇 Express 1.544s (-11.1% 🟢) 2.614s (-16.1% 🟢) 0.577s (-9.7% 🟢) 3.818s (-16.4% 🟢) 2.274s 10 1.00x
▲ Vercel Nitro 1.802s (+8.6% 🔺) 2.550s (-11.2% 🟢) 0.868s (+54.8% 🔺) 4.078s (-0.7%) 2.276s 10 1.17x
▲ Vercel Next.js (Turbopack) 1.869s (+12.2% 🔺) 2.959s (+3.9%) 0.643s (+3.5%) 4.270s (+2.6%) 2.401s 10 1.21x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

stream pipeline with 5 transform steps (1MB)

💻 Local Development

World Framework Workflow Time TTFB Slurp Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres 🥇 Express 0.599s (-3.7%) 1.002s (~) 0.004s (-2.6%) 1.023s (~) 0.424s 59 1.00x
🐘 Postgres Nitro 0.629s (+0.9%) 1.002s (~) 0.004s (-2.5%) 1.026s (~) 0.396s 59 1.05x
💻 Local Express 0.720s (-1.1%) 1.009s (~) 0.009s (+9.4% 🔺) 1.022s (~) 0.302s 59 1.20x
💻 Local Nitro 0.725s (~) 1.009s (~) 0.009s (+7.8% 🔺) 1.022s (~) 0.297s 59 1.21x
💻 Local Next.js (Turbopack) ⚠️ missing - - - - -
🐘 Postgres Next.js (Turbopack) ⚠️ missing - - - - -

▲ Production (Vercel)

World Framework Workflow Time TTFB Slurp Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
▲ Vercel 🥇 Nitro 4.196s (+1.5%) 5.448s (+2.2%) 0.252s (+6.6% 🔺) 6.355s (+1.2%) 2.159s 10 1.00x
▲ Vercel Express 4.598s (+9.1% 🔺) 5.737s (+4.5%) 0.320s (-35.2% 🟢) 6.765s (+2.1%) 2.167s 10 1.10x
▲ Vercel Next.js (Turbopack) 320.603s (+5167.5% 🔺) 322.176s (+4101.2% 🔺) 0.232s (+1.5%) 323.146s (+3648.1% 🔺) 2.543s 1 76.41x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

10 parallel streams (1MB each)

💻 Local Development

World Framework Workflow Time TTFB Slurp Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres 🥇 Nitro 0.955s (-4.6%) 1.215s (-10.3% 🟢) 0.000s (-100.0% 🟢) 1.237s (-10.3% 🟢) 0.282s 49 1.00x
🐘 Postgres Express 0.958s (-1.0%) 1.216s (-0.6%) 0.000s (-2.0%) 1.233s (-1.5%) 0.275s 49 1.00x
💻 Local Nitro 1.235s (-0.9%) 2.019s (~) 0.000s (+18.2% 🔺) 2.022s (~) 0.787s 30 1.29x
💻 Local Express 1.241s (~) 2.020s (~) 0.000s (+57.1% 🔺) 2.023s (~) 0.782s 30 1.30x
💻 Local Next.js (Turbopack) ⚠️ missing - - - - -
🐘 Postgres Next.js (Turbopack) ⚠️ missing - - - - -

▲ Production (Vercel)

World Framework Workflow Time TTFB Slurp Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
▲ Vercel 🥇 Nitro 3.007s (-10.4% 🟢) 4.410s (+2.7%) 0.005s (+Infinity% 🔺) 5.060s (+1.1%) 2.053s 12 1.00x
▲ Vercel Express 3.085s (-12.8% 🟢) 4.369s (-3.0%) 0.000s (-86.7% 🟢) 5.021s (-3.5%) 1.936s 12 1.03x
▲ Vercel Next.js (Turbopack) 3.276s (+3.8%) 4.477s (+4.1%) 0.003s (+35.4% 🔺) 5.131s (+3.8%) 1.855s 12 1.09x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

fan-out fan-in 10 streams (1MB each)

💻 Local Development

World Framework Workflow Time TTFB Slurp Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres 🥇 Express 1.796s (+1.1%) 2.133s (+0.6%) 0.000s (+Infinity% 🔺) 2.158s (~) 0.362s 29 1.00x
🐘 Postgres Nitro 1.806s (+0.7%) 2.178s (+1.8%) 0.000s (-50.0% 🟢) 2.194s (+1.8%) 0.388s 28 1.01x
💻 Local Nitro 3.480s (-3.6%) 4.164s (+1.6%) 0.000s (-55.6% 🟢) 4.168s (+1.6%) 0.688s 15 1.94x
💻 Local Express 3.504s (+1.2%) 4.100s (+1.7%) 0.001s (+20.0% 🔺) 4.104s (+1.7%) 0.600s 15 1.95x
💻 Local Next.js (Turbopack) ⚠️ missing - - - - -
🐘 Postgres Next.js (Turbopack) ⚠️ missing - - - - -

▲ Production (Vercel)

World Framework Workflow Time TTFB Slurp Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
▲ Vercel 🥇 Nitro 3.886s (-15.4% 🟢) 5.418s (-3.7%) 0.000s (-100.0% 🟢) 6.092s (-3.3%) 2.206s 10 1.00x
▲ Vercel Next.js (Turbopack) 4.335s (-9.2% 🟢) 5.370s (-8.9% 🟢) 0.000s (-100.0% 🟢) 6.035s (-8.6% 🟢) 1.701s 10 1.12x
▲ Vercel Express 4.569s (+3.8%) 5.725s (+4.1%) 0.000s (+Infinity% 🔺) 6.349s (+3.0%) 1.780s 10 1.18x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack) | Express

Summary

Fastest Framework by World

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

World 🥇 Fastest Framework Wins
💻 Local Nitro 15/21
🐘 Postgres Express 13/21
▲ Vercel Express 8/21
Fastest World by Framework

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

Framework 🥇 Fastest World Wins
Express 🐘 Postgres 18/21
Next.js (Turbopack) ▲ Vercel 21/21
Nitro 🐘 Postgres 18/21
Column Definitions
  • Workflow Time: Runtime reported by workflow (completedAt - createdAt) - primary metric
  • TTFB: Time to First Byte - time from workflow start until first stream byte received (stream benchmarks only)
  • Slurp: Time from first byte to complete stream consumption (stream benchmarks only)
  • Wall Time: Total testbench time (trigger workflow + poll for result)
  • Overhead: Testbench overhead (Wall Time - Workflow Time)
  • Samples: Number of benchmark iterations run
  • vs Fastest: How much slower compared to the fastest configuration for this benchmark

Worlds:

  • 💻 Local: In-memory filesystem world (local development)
  • 🐘 Postgres: PostgreSQL database world (local development)
  • ▲ Vercel: Vercel production/preview deployment
  • 🌐 Turso: Community world (local development)
  • 🌐 MongoDB: Community world (local development)
  • 🌐 Redis: Community world (local development)
  • 🌐 Jazz: Community world (local development)

📋 View full workflow run

@johnlindquist
Copy link
Copy Markdown
Contributor Author

johnlindquist commented Apr 6, 2026

Closing — moving these deep-dive articles to blog publishing pipeline instead of docs. Content preserved locally.

Sign up for free to join this conversation on GitHub. Already have an account? Sign in to comment

Reviewers

No reviews

Assignees

No one assigned

Labels

None yet

Projects

None yet

Milestone

No milestone

Development

Successfully merging this pull request may close these issues.

1 participant

@johnlindquist