Update build-image in CI jobs to go 1.25

[dsabsay]

What this PR does:
Uses new build-image with go 1.25.

Which issue(s) this PR fixes:
Fixes #

Checklist

• Tests updated
• Documentation added
• CHANGELOG.md updated - the order of entries should be [CHANGE], [FEATURE], [ENHANCEMENT], [BUGFIX]

[dsabsay]

I'm attempting to fix this here: #7171

[friedrichg]

Using 8b48921

[dsabsay]

The version of protoc changed, presumably via the underlying debian package repository:

libprotoc 3.12.4 -> libprotoc 3.21.12

cortex [0]$ docker run --rm -it --entrypoint sh quay.io/cortexproject/build-image:master-59491e9aae
# protoc --version
libprotoc 3.12.4
# exit
cortex [0]$ docker run --rm -it --entrypoint sh quay.io/cortexproject/build-image:master-8b48921f71
# protoc --version
libprotoc 3.21.12
# exit
cortex [0]$ 

In version v3.14.0, the protobuf compiler changed the go module references:

Update go_package options to reference google.golang.org/protobuf module.
https://github.com/protocolbuffers/protobuf/releases/tag/v3.14.0

The original module (github.com/golang/protobuf) mentions it is deprecated:

It has been superseded by the google.golang.org/protobuf module
source: https://github.com/golang/protobuf

I re-generated the protobuf code using the latest build image.

[friedrichg]

@dsabsay almost there. we need the vendor folder commited too

[friedrichg]

@dsabsay modernize is asking for some changes. commit those too. They look good