diff --git a/doc/api/module.md b/doc/api/module.md
index 81e49882def0bf..826c240ff447ed 100644
--- a/doc/api/module.md
+++ b/doc/api/module.md
@@ -66,6 +66,58 @@ const require = createRequire(import.meta.url);
 const siblingModule = require('./sibling-module');
 ```
 
+### `module.clearCache(specifier[, options])`
+
+<!-- YAML
+added: REPLACEME
+-->
+
+> Stability: 1.1 - Active development
+
+* `specifier` {string|URL} The module specifier or URL to resolve. The resolved URL/filename
+  is cleared from the load cache; the specifier (with `parentURL`) is cleared from the
+  resolve cache.
+* `options` {Object}
+  * `parentURL` {string|URL} The parent URL used to resolve non-URL specifiers.
+    For CommonJS, pass `pathToFileURL(__filename)`. For ES modules, pass `import.meta.url`.
+* Returns: {Object} An object with `{ require: boolean, import: boolean }` indicating whether entries
+  were removed from each cache.
+
+Clears the CommonJS `require` cache and the ESM module cache for a module. This enables
+reload patterns similar to deleting from `require.cache` in CommonJS, and is useful for HMR.
+Resolution failures for one module system do not throw; check the returned flags to see what
+was cleared.
+This does not clear resolution cache entries for that specifier. Clearing a module does not
+clear cached entries for its dependencies, and other specifiers that resolve to the same target
+may remain.
+When a `file:` URL is resolved, cached module jobs for the same file path are cleared even if
+they differ by search or hash.
+If the same file is loaded via multiple specifiers (for example `require('./x')` alongside
+`import('./x.js?t=1')` and `import('./x.js?t=2')`), resolution cache entries for each specifier
+remain. Use consistent specifiers, or call `clearCache()` for each specifier you want to
+re-execute.
+
+```mjs
+import { clearCache } from 'node:module';
+
+const url = new URL('./mod.mjs', import.meta.url);
+await import(url.href);
+
+clearCache(url);
+await import(url.href); // re-executes the module
+```
+
+```cjs
+const { clearCache } = require('node:module');
+const path = require('node:path');
+
+const file = path.join(__dirname, 'mod.js');
+require(file);
+
+clearCache(file);
+require(file); // re-executes the module
+```
+
 ### `module.findPackageJSON(specifier[, base])`
 
 <!-- YAML
diff --git a/lib/internal/modules/clear.js b/lib/internal/modules/clear.js
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..b124ffc68f359e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/internal/modules/clear.js
@@ -0,0 +1,330 @@
+// Copyright Joyent, Inc. and other Node contributors.
+//
+// Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a
+// copy of this software and associated documentation files (the
+// "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including
+// without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish,
+// distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit
+// persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the
+// following conditions:
+//
+// The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included
+// in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+//
+// THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS
+// OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF
+// MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN
+// NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM,
+// DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR
+// OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE
+// USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+
+'use strict';
+
+const {
+  ArrayIsArray,
+  ArrayPrototypeIndexOf,
+  ArrayPrototypePush,
+  ArrayPrototypeSplice,
+  ObjectKeys,
+  StringPrototypeCharCodeAt,
+  StringPrototypeStartsWith,
+} = primordials;
+
+const { Module, resolveForCJSWithHooks } = require('internal/modules/cjs/loader');
+const { fileURLToPath, isURL, URLParse, pathToFileURL } = require('internal/url');
+const { kEmptyObject, isWindows } = require('internal/util');
+const { validateObject, validateString } = require('internal/validators');
+const {
+  codes: {
+    ERR_INVALID_ARG_VALUE,
+  },
+} = require('internal/errors');
+const { CHAR_DOT } = require('internal/constants');
+const path = require('path');
+const {
+  privateSymbols: {
+    module_first_parent_private_symbol: kFirstModuleParent,
+    module_last_parent_private_symbol: kLastModuleParent,
+  },
+} = internalBinding('util');
+
+/**
+ * Normalize the parent URL for cache clearing.
+ * @param {string|URL|undefined} parentURL
+ * @returns {{ parentURL: string|undefined, parentPath: string|undefined }}
+ */
+function normalizeClearCacheParent(parentURL) {
+  if (parentURL === undefined) {
+    return { __proto__: null, parentURL: undefined, parentPath: undefined };
+  }
+
+  if (isURL(parentURL)) {
+    let parentPath;
+    if (parentURL.protocol === 'file:' && parentURL.search === '' && parentURL.hash === '') {
+      parentPath = fileURLToPath(parentURL);
+    }
+    return { __proto__: null, parentURL: parentURL.href, parentPath };
+  }
+
+  validateString(parentURL, 'options.parentURL');
+  const url = URLParse(parentURL);
+  if (!url) {
+    throw new ERR_INVALID_ARG_VALUE('options.parentURL', parentURL,
+                                    'must be a URL');
+  }
+
+  let parentPath;
+  if (url.protocol === 'file:' && url.search === '' && url.hash === '') {
+    parentPath = fileURLToPath(url);
+  }
+  return { __proto__: null, parentURL: url.href, parentPath };
+}
+
+/**
+ * Parse a specifier as a URL when possible.
+ * @param {string|URL} specifier
+ * @returns {URL|null}
+ */
+function getURLFromClearCacheSpecifier(specifier) {
+  if (isURL(specifier)) {
+    return specifier;
+  }
+
+  if (typeof specifier !== 'string' || path.isAbsolute(specifier)) {
+    return null;
+  }
+
+  return URLParse(specifier) ?? null;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Create a synthetic parent module for CJS resolution.
+ * @param {string} parentPath
+ * @returns {Module}
+ */
+function createParentModuleForClearCache(parentPath) {
+  const parent = new Module(parentPath);
+  parent.filename = parentPath;
+  parent.paths = Module._nodeModulePaths(path.dirname(parentPath));
+  return parent;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Resolve a cache filename for CommonJS.
+ * @param {string|URL} specifier
+ * @param {string|undefined} parentPath
+ * @returns {string|null}
+ */
+function resolveClearCacheFilename(specifier, parentPath) {
+  if (!parentPath && typeof specifier === 'string' && isRelative(specifier)) {
+    return null;
+  }
+
+  const parsedURL = getURLFromClearCacheSpecifier(specifier);
+  let request = specifier;
+  if (parsedURL) {
+    if (parsedURL.protocol !== 'file:' || parsedURL.search !== '' || parsedURL.hash !== '') {
+      return null;
+    }
+    request = fileURLToPath(parsedURL);
+  }
+
+  const parent = parentPath ? createParentModuleForClearCache(parentPath) : null;
+  const { filename, format } = resolveForCJSWithHooks(request, parent, false, false);
+  if (format === 'builtin') {
+    return null;
+  }
+  return filename;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Resolve a cache URL for ESM.
+ * @param {string|URL} specifier
+ * @param {string|undefined} parentURL
+ * @returns {string}
+ */
+function resolveClearCacheURL(specifier, parentURL) {
+  const parsedURL = getURLFromClearCacheSpecifier(specifier);
+  if (parsedURL != null) {
+    return parsedURL.href;
+  }
+
+  if (path.isAbsolute(specifier)) {
+    return pathToFileURL(specifier).href;
+  }
+
+  if (parentURL === undefined) {
+    throw new ERR_INVALID_ARG_VALUE('options.parentURL', parentURL,
+                                    'must be provided for non-URL ESM specifiers');
+  }
+
+  const cascadedLoader =
+    require('internal/modules/esm/loader').getOrInitializeCascadedLoader();
+  const request = { specifier, __proto__: null };
+  return cascadedLoader.resolveSync(parentURL, request).url;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Remove cached module references from parent children arrays.
+ * @param {Module} targetModule
+ * @returns {boolean} true if any references were removed.
+ */
+function deleteModuleFromParents(targetModule) {
+  const keys = ObjectKeys(Module._cache);
+  let deleted = false;
+  for (let i = 0; i < keys.length; i++) {
+    const cachedModule = Module._cache[keys[i]];
+    if (cachedModule?.[kFirstModuleParent] === targetModule) {
+      cachedModule[kFirstModuleParent] = undefined;
+      deleted = true;
+    }
+    if (cachedModule?.[kLastModuleParent] === targetModule) {
+      cachedModule[kLastModuleParent] = undefined;
+      deleted = true;
+    }
+    const children = cachedModule?.children;
+    if (!ArrayIsArray(children)) {
+      continue;
+    }
+    const index = ArrayPrototypeIndexOf(children, targetModule);
+    if (index !== -1) {
+      ArrayPrototypeSplice(children, index, 1);
+      deleted = true;
+    }
+  }
+  return deleted;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Resolve a file path for a file URL, stripping search/hash.
+ * @param {string} url
+ * @returns {string|null}
+ */
+function getFilePathFromClearCacheURL(url) {
+  const parsedURL = URLParse(url);
+  if (parsedURL?.protocol !== 'file:') {
+    return null;
+  }
+
+  if (parsedURL.search !== '' || parsedURL.hash !== '') {
+    parsedURL.search = '';
+    parsedURL.hash = '';
+  }
+
+  try {
+    return fileURLToPath(parsedURL);
+  } catch {
+    return null;
+  }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Remove load cache entries for a URL and its file-path variants.
+ * @param {import('internal/modules/esm/module_map').LoadCache} loadCache
+ * @param {string} url
+ * @returns {boolean} true if any entries were deleted.
+ */
+function deleteLoadCacheEntries(loadCache, url) {
+  let deleted = loadCache.deleteAll(url);
+  const filename = getFilePathFromClearCacheURL(url);
+  if (!filename) {
+    return deleted;
+  }
+
+  const urls = [];
+  for (const entry of loadCache) {
+    ArrayPrototypePush(urls, entry[0]);
+  }
+
+  for (let i = 0; i < urls.length; i++) {
+    const cachedURL = urls[i];
+    if (cachedURL === url) {
+      continue;
+    }
+    const cachedFilename = getFilePathFromClearCacheURL(cachedURL);
+    if (cachedFilename === filename) {
+      loadCache.deleteAll(cachedURL);
+      deleted = true;
+    }
+  }
+
+  return deleted;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Checks if a path is relative
+ * @param {string} pathToCheck the target path
+ * @returns {boolean} true if the path is relative, false otherwise
+ */
+function isRelative(pathToCheck) {
+  if (StringPrototypeCharCodeAt(pathToCheck, 0) !== CHAR_DOT) { return false; }
+
+  return pathToCheck.length === 1 || pathToCheck === '..' ||
+  StringPrototypeStartsWith(pathToCheck, './') ||
+  StringPrototypeStartsWith(pathToCheck, '../') ||
+  ((isWindows && StringPrototypeStartsWith(pathToCheck, '.\\')) ||
+  StringPrototypeStartsWith(pathToCheck, '..\\'));
+}
+
+/**
+ * Clear CommonJS and/or ESM module cache entries.
+ * @param {string|URL} specifier
+ * @param {object} [options]
+ * @param {string|URL} [options.parentURL]
+ * @returns {{ require: boolean, import: boolean }}
+ */
+function clearCache(specifier, options = kEmptyObject) {
+  const isSpecifierURL = isURL(specifier);
+  if (!isSpecifierURL) {
+    validateString(specifier, 'specifier');
+  }
+
+  validateObject(options, 'options');
+  const { parentURL, parentPath } = normalizeClearCacheParent(options.parentURL);
+  const result = { __proto__: null, require: false, import: false };
+
+  try {
+    const deleteCommonjsCachesForFilename = (filename) => {
+      let deleted = false;
+      const cachedModule = Module._cache[filename];
+      if (cachedModule !== undefined) {
+        delete Module._cache[filename];
+        deleted = true;
+        deleteModuleFromParents(cachedModule);
+      }
+      return deleted;
+    };
+
+    const filename = resolveClearCacheFilename(specifier, parentPath);
+    if (filename) {
+      result.require = deleteCommonjsCachesForFilename(filename);
+    }
+
+    if (parentURL !== undefined) {
+      const url = resolveClearCacheURL(specifier, parentURL);
+      const resolvedPath = getFilePathFromClearCacheURL(url);
+      if (resolvedPath && resolvedPath !== filename) {
+        if (deleteCommonjsCachesForFilename(resolvedPath)) {
+          result.require = true;
+        }
+      }
+    }
+
+    const url = resolveClearCacheURL(specifier, parentURL);
+    const cascadedLoader =
+      require('internal/modules/esm/loader').getOrInitializeCascadedLoader();
+    const loadDeleted = deleteLoadCacheEntries(cascadedLoader.loadCache, url);
+    const { clearCjsCache } = require('internal/modules/esm/translators');
+    const cjsCacheDeleted = clearCjsCache(url);
+    result.import = loadDeleted || cjsCacheDeleted;
+  } catch {
+    // Best effort: avoid throwing for require cache clearing.
+  }
+
+  return result;
+}
+
+module.exports = {
+  clearCache,
+};
diff --git a/lib/internal/modules/esm/loader.js b/lib/internal/modules/esm/loader.js
index 41513d1b9f3658..81c5cea48487a0 100644
--- a/lib/internal/modules/esm/loader.js
+++ b/lib/internal/modules/esm/loader.js
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ const {
   ArrayPrototypeReduce,
   FunctionPrototypeCall,
   JSONStringify,
+  ObjectKeys,
   ObjectSetPrototypeOf,
   Promise,
   PromisePrototypeThen,
@@ -30,7 +31,7 @@ const {
   ERR_UNKNOWN_MODULE_FORMAT,
 } = require('internal/errors').codes;
 const { getOptionValue } = require('internal/options');
-const { isURL, pathToFileURL } = require('internal/url');
+const { isURL, pathToFileURL, fileURLToPath, URLParse } = require('internal/url');
 const { kEmptyObject } = require('internal/util');
 const {
   compileSourceTextModule,
@@ -181,6 +182,61 @@ class ModuleLoader {
    */
   loadCache = newLoadCache();
 
+  /**
+   * Delete cached resolution for a specific request.
+   * @param {string} specifier
+   * @param {string|undefined} parentURL
+   * @param {Record<string, string>} importAttributes
+   * @returns {boolean} true if any entries were deleted.
+   */
+  deleteResolveCacheEntry(specifier, parentURL, importAttributes) {
+    return this.#resolveCache.deleteBySpecifier(specifier, parentURL, importAttributes);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Delete cached resolutions that resolve to a file path.
+   * @param {string} filename
+   * @returns {boolean} true if any entries were deleted.
+   */
+  deleteResolveCacheByFilename(filename) {
+    let deleted = false;
+    for (const entry of this.#resolveCache) {
+      const parentURL = entry[0];
+      const entries = entry[1];
+      const keys = ObjectKeys(entries);
+      for (let i = 0; i < keys.length; i++) {
+        const key = keys[i];
+        const resolvedURL = entries[key]?.url;
+        if (!resolvedURL) {
+          continue;
+        }
+        const parsedURL = URLParse(resolvedURL);
+        if (!parsedURL || parsedURL.protocol !== 'file:') {
+          continue;
+        }
+        if (parsedURL.search !== '' || parsedURL.hash !== '') {
+          parsedURL.search = '';
+          parsedURL.hash = '';
+        }
+        let resolvedFilename;
+        try {
+          resolvedFilename = fileURLToPath(parsedURL);
+        } catch {
+          continue;
+        }
+        if (resolvedFilename === filename) {
+          delete entries[key];
+          deleted = true;
+        }
+      }
+
+      if (ObjectKeys(entries).length === 0) {
+        this.#resolveCache.delete(parentURL);
+      }
+    }
+    return deleted;
+  }
+
   /**
    * Methods which translate input code or other information into ES modules
    */
diff --git a/lib/internal/modules/esm/module_map.js b/lib/internal/modules/esm/module_map.js
index 207515573c79c5..c2a23e8f25566a 100644
--- a/lib/internal/modules/esm/module_map.js
+++ b/lib/internal/modules/esm/module_map.js
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ const {
   ArrayPrototypeSort,
   JSONStringify,
   ObjectKeys,
+  ObjectPrototypeHasOwnProperty,
   SafeMap,
 } = primordials;
 const { kImplicitTypeAttribute } = require('internal/modules/esm/assert');
@@ -85,6 +86,29 @@ class ResolveCache extends SafeMap {
   has(serializedKey, parentURL) {
     return serializedKey in this.#getModuleCachedImports(parentURL);
   }
+
+  /**
+   * Delete a cached resolution for a specifier in a parent URL.
+   * @param {string} specifier
+   * @param {string|undefined} parentURL
+   * @param {Record<string,string>} importAttributes
+   * @returns {boolean} true if an entry was deleted.
+   */
+  deleteBySpecifier(specifier, parentURL, importAttributes) {
+    const entries = super.get(parentURL);
+    if (entries == null) {
+      return false;
+    }
+    const serializedKey = this.serializeKey(specifier, importAttributes);
+    if (!ObjectPrototypeHasOwnProperty(entries, serializedKey)) {
+      return false;
+    }
+    delete entries[serializedKey];
+    if (ObjectKeys(entries).length === 0) {
+      super.delete(parentURL);
+    }
+    return true;
+  }
 }
 
 /**
@@ -123,6 +147,16 @@ class LoadCache extends SafeMap {
       cached[type] = undefined;
     }
   }
+
+  /**
+   * Delete all cached module jobs for a URL.
+   * @param {string} url
+   * @returns {boolean} true if an entry was deleted.
+   */
+  deleteAll(url) {
+    validateString(url, 'url');
+    return super.delete(url);
+  }
 }
 
 module.exports = {
diff --git a/lib/internal/modules/esm/translators.js b/lib/internal/modules/esm/translators.js
index f45defe9dad88a..cdd83dd9b097a7 100644
--- a/lib/internal/modules/esm/translators.js
+++ b/lib/internal/modules/esm/translators.js
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ const {
   loadSourceForCJSWithHooks,
   populateCJSExportsFromESM,
 } = require('internal/modules/cjs/loader');
-const { fileURLToPath, pathToFileURL, URL } = require('internal/url');
+const { fileURLToPath, pathToFileURL, URL, URLParse } = require('internal/url');
 let debug = require('internal/util/debuglog').debuglog('esm', (fn) => {
   debug = fn;
 });
@@ -193,6 +193,64 @@ function loadCJSModule(module, source, url, filename, isMain) {
 // TODO: can we use a weak map instead?
 const cjsCache = new SafeMap();
 
+/**
+ * Resolve a file path for a file URL, stripping search/hash.
+ * @param {string} url
+ * @returns {string|null}
+ */
+function getFilePathFromCjsCacheURL(url) {
+  const parsedURL = URLParse(url);
+  if (!parsedURL) {
+    return null;
+  }
+  if (parsedURL.protocol !== 'file:') {
+    return null;
+  }
+  if (parsedURL.search !== '' || parsedURL.hash !== '') {
+    parsedURL.search = '';
+    parsedURL.hash = '';
+  }
+  try {
+    return fileURLToPath(parsedURL);
+  } catch {
+    return null;
+  }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Remove cjsCache entries for a URL and its file-path variants.
+ * @param {string} url
+ * @returns {boolean} true if any entries were deleted.
+ */
+function clearCjsCache(url) {
+  let deleted = cjsCache.delete(url);
+  const filename = getFilePathFromCjsCacheURL(url);
+  if (!filename) {
+    return deleted;
+  }
+
+  const urls = [];
+  for (const entry of cjsCache) {
+    ArrayPrototypePush(urls, entry[0]);
+  }
+
+  for (let i = 0; i < urls.length; i++) {
+    const cachedURL = urls[i];
+    if (cachedURL === url) {
+      continue;
+    }
+    const cachedFilename = getFilePathFromCjsCacheURL(cachedURL);
+    if (cachedFilename === filename) {
+      cjsCache.delete(cachedURL);
+      deleted = true;
+    }
+  }
+
+  return deleted;
+}
+
+exports.clearCjsCache = clearCjsCache;
+
 /**
  * Creates a ModuleWrap object for a CommonJS module.
  * @param {string} url - The URL of the module.
@@ -323,7 +381,9 @@ translators.set('require-commonjs-typescript', (url, translateContext, parentURL
 
 // This goes through Module._load to accommodate monkey-patchers.
 function loadCJSModuleWithModuleLoad(module, source, url, filename, isMain) {
-  assert(module === CJSModule._cache[filename]);
+  if (CJSModule._cache[filename] !== module) {
+    CJSModule._cache[filename] = module;
+  }
   // If it gets here in the translators, the hooks must have already been invoked
   // in the loader. Skip them in the synthetic module evaluation step.
   wrapModuleLoad(filename, undefined, isMain, kShouldSkipModuleHooks);
diff --git a/lib/module.js b/lib/module.js
index 1217172afb3ccb..156fecc330ba84 100644
--- a/lib/module.js
+++ b/lib/module.js
@@ -20,6 +20,7 @@ const {
   findPackageJSON,
 } = require('internal/modules/package_json_reader');
 const { stripTypeScriptTypes } = require('internal/modules/typescript');
+const { clearCache } = require('internal/modules/clear');
 
 Module.register = register;
 Module.constants = constants;
@@ -28,6 +29,7 @@ Module.findPackageJSON = findPackageJSON;
 Module.flushCompileCache = flushCompileCache;
 Module.getCompileCacheDir = getCompileCacheDir;
 Module.stripTypeScriptTypes = stripTypeScriptTypes;
+Module.clearCache = clearCache;
 
 // SourceMap APIs
 Module.findSourceMap = findSourceMap;
diff --git a/test/es-module/test-module-clear-cache-import-cjs-race.mjs b/test/es-module/test-module-clear-cache-import-cjs-race.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..83906899130629
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/es-module/test-module-clear-cache-import-cjs-race.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+import '../common/index.mjs';
+import assert from 'node:assert';
+import { clearCache } from 'node:module';
+
+const url = new URL('../fixtures/module-cache/cjs-counter.js', import.meta.url);
+
+const importPromise = import(url.href);
+clearCache(url);
+
+const first = await importPromise;
+assert.strictEqual(first.default.count, 1);
+
+clearCache(url);
+const second = await import(url.href);
+assert.strictEqual(second.default.count, 2);
+
+delete globalThis.__module_cache_cjs_counter;
diff --git a/test/es-module/test-module-clear-cache-query-variants.mjs b/test/es-module/test-module-clear-cache-query-variants.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..9d072d48dd86ea
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/es-module/test-module-clear-cache-query-variants.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+import '../common/index.mjs';
+
+import assert from 'node:assert';
+import { clearCache } from 'node:module';
+
+const url = new URL('../fixtures/module-cache/esm-query-counter.mjs', import.meta.url);
+
+const first = await import(`${url.href}?v=1`);
+const second = await import(`${url.href}?v=2`);
+assert.strictEqual(first.count, 1);
+assert.strictEqual(second.count, 2);
+
+const result = clearCache(url);
+assert.strictEqual(result.require, false);
+assert.strictEqual(result.import, true);
+
+const third = await import(`${url.href}?v=1`);
+assert.strictEqual(third.count, 3);
+
+delete globalThis.__module_cache_esm_query_counter;
diff --git a/test/es-module/test-module-clear-cache-wasm-leak.mjs b/test/es-module/test-module-clear-cache-wasm-leak.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..99779ef3527eeb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/es-module/test-module-clear-cache-wasm-leak.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+// Flags: --no-warnings
+
+import { mustCall, mustCallAtLeast } from '../common/index.mjs';
+import assert from 'node:assert';
+import { clearCache, createRequire } from 'node:module';
+
+const require = createRequire(import.meta.url);
+const { checkIfCollectableByCounting } = require('../common/gc');
+
+const baseUrl = new URL('../fixtures/simple.wasm', import.meta.url);
+
+const outer = 8;
+const inner = 4;
+
+const runIteration = mustCallAtLeast(async (i) => {
+  for (let j = 0; j < inner; j++) {
+    const url = new URL(baseUrl);
+    url.search = `?v=${i}-${j}`;
+    const mod = await import(url.href);
+    assert.strictEqual(mod.add(1, 2), 3);
+    clearCache(url);
+  }
+  return inner;
+});
+
+checkIfCollectableByCounting(runIteration, WebAssembly.Instance, outer).then(mustCall());
diff --git a/test/es-module/test-module-clear-cache-wasm.mjs b/test/es-module/test-module-clear-cache-wasm.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..fdd0631feb30af
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/es-module/test-module-clear-cache-wasm.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+// Flags: --no-warnings
+
+import '../common/index.mjs';
+import assert from 'node:assert';
+import { clearCache } from 'node:module';
+
+const url = new URL('../fixtures/simple.wasm', import.meta.url);
+
+const first = await import(url.href);
+assert.strictEqual(first.add(1, 2), 3);
+
+const result = clearCache(url);
+assert.strictEqual(result.require, false);
+assert.strictEqual(result.import, true);
+
+const second = await import(url.href);
+assert.strictEqual(second.add(2, 3), 5);
+assert.notStrictEqual(first, second);
diff --git a/test/es-module/test-module-clear-cache.mjs b/test/es-module/test-module-clear-cache.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..9caffe19d38ec1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/es-module/test-module-clear-cache.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+import '../common/index.mjs';
+
+import assert from 'node:assert';
+import { clearCache } from 'node:module';
+
+const specifier = '../fixtures/module-cache/esm-counter.mjs';
+
+const first = await import(specifier);
+const second = await import(specifier);
+
+assert.strictEqual(first.count, 1);
+assert.strictEqual(second.count, 1);
+assert.strictEqual(first, second);
+
+const result = clearCache(specifier, { parentURL: import.meta.url });
+assert.strictEqual(result.require, false);
+assert.strictEqual(result.import, true);
+
+const third = await import(specifier);
+assert.strictEqual(third.count, 2);
+
+const nested = new URL('../fixtures/module-cache/esm-nested-a.mjs', import.meta.url);
+const nestedFirst = await import(`${nested.href}?v=1`);
+assert.strictEqual(nestedFirst.value, 1);
+
+const nestedResult = clearCache(new URL('../fixtures/module-cache/esm-nested-b.mjs', import.meta.url));
+assert.strictEqual(nestedResult.require, false);
+assert.strictEqual(nestedResult.import, true);
+
+const nestedSecond = await import(`${nested.href}?v=2`);
+assert.strictEqual(nestedSecond.value, 2);
+assert.strictEqual(globalThis.__module_cache_esm_nested_c_counter, 1);
+
+delete globalThis.__module_cache_esm_counter;
+delete globalThis.__module_cache_esm_nested_b_counter;
+delete globalThis.__module_cache_esm_nested_c_counter;
diff --git a/test/fixtures/module-cache/cjs-child.js b/test/fixtures/module-cache/cjs-child.js
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..1da382d933a9c3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/fixtures/module-cache/cjs-child.js
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+globalThis.__module_cache_cjs_child_counter =
+  (globalThis.__module_cache_cjs_child_counter ?? 0) + 1;
+
+module.exports = {
+  count: globalThis.__module_cache_cjs_child_counter,
+};
diff --git a/test/fixtures/module-cache/cjs-counter.js b/test/fixtures/module-cache/cjs-counter.js
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..bc8662960b767b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/fixtures/module-cache/cjs-counter.js
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+globalThis.__module_cache_cjs_counter = (globalThis.__module_cache_cjs_counter ?? 0) + 1;
+
+module.exports = {
+  count: globalThis.__module_cache_cjs_counter,
+};
diff --git a/test/fixtures/module-cache/cjs-parent.js b/test/fixtures/module-cache/cjs-parent.js
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..a03a42f9b0e1d9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/fixtures/module-cache/cjs-parent.js
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+const child = require('./cjs-child.js');
+
+module.exports = {
+  child,
+};
diff --git a/test/fixtures/module-cache/esm-counter.mjs b/test/fixtures/module-cache/esm-counter.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..d3b0c9eae58102
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/fixtures/module-cache/esm-counter.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+globalThis.__module_cache_esm_counter = (globalThis.__module_cache_esm_counter ?? 0) + 1;
+
+export const count = globalThis.__module_cache_esm_counter;
+export default count;
diff --git a/test/fixtures/module-cache/esm-nested-a.mjs b/test/fixtures/module-cache/esm-nested-a.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..57195b0cc16483
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/fixtures/module-cache/esm-nested-a.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+import { value } from './esm-nested-b.mjs';
+
+export { value };
diff --git a/test/fixtures/module-cache/esm-nested-b.mjs b/test/fixtures/module-cache/esm-nested-b.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..f0210cc2af9291
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/fixtures/module-cache/esm-nested-b.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+import './esm-nested-c.mjs';
+
+globalThis.__module_cache_esm_nested_b_counter =
+  (globalThis.__module_cache_esm_nested_b_counter ?? 0) + 1;
+
+export const value = globalThis.__module_cache_esm_nested_b_counter;
diff --git a/test/fixtures/module-cache/esm-nested-c.mjs b/test/fixtures/module-cache/esm-nested-c.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..bd64feebd5269c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/fixtures/module-cache/esm-nested-c.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+globalThis.__module_cache_esm_nested_c_counter =
+  (globalThis.__module_cache_esm_nested_c_counter ?? 0) + 1;
+
+export const count = globalThis.__module_cache_esm_nested_c_counter;
diff --git a/test/fixtures/module-cache/esm-query-counter.mjs b/test/fixtures/module-cache/esm-query-counter.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..b5a6a368c2112c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/fixtures/module-cache/esm-query-counter.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+globalThis.__module_cache_esm_query_counter =
+  (globalThis.__module_cache_esm_query_counter ?? 0) + 1;
+
+export const count = globalThis.__module_cache_esm_query_counter;
diff --git a/test/fixtures/source-map/cjs-closure-source-map.js b/test/fixtures/source-map/cjs-closure-source-map.js
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..85c3231537e08d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/fixtures/source-map/cjs-closure-source-map.js
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+function crash() {
+  throw new Error('boom');
+}
+
+module.exports = {
+  crash,
+};
+
+//# sourceMappingURL=data:application/json;charset=utf-8;base64,eyJ2ZXJzaW9uIjozLCJzb3VyY2VzIjpbImNqcy1jbG9zdXJlLXNvdXJjZS1tYXAtb3JpZ2luYWwuanMiXSwibmFtZXMiOltdLCJtYXBwaW5ncyI6IkFBQUEiLCJzb3VyY2VzQ29udGVudCI6WyJmdW5jdGlvbiBjcmFzaCgpIHtcbiAgdGhyb3cgbmV3IEVycm9yKCdib29tJyk7XG59XG4iXX0=
diff --git a/test/module-hooks/test-module-hooks-clear-cache-resolve-cache.js b/test/module-hooks/test-module-hooks-clear-cache-resolve-cache.js
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..0ede186eb6c1e3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/module-hooks/test-module-hooks-clear-cache-resolve-cache.js
@@ -0,0 +1,75 @@
+// Flags: --expose-internals
+'use strict';
+
+const common = require('../common');
+
+const assert = require('node:assert');
+const { pathToFileURL } = require('node:url');
+const { clearCache, registerHooks } = require('node:module');
+const { getOrInitializeCascadedLoader } = require('internal/modules/esm/loader');
+
+let loadCalls = 0;
+const hook = registerHooks({
+  resolve(specifier, context, nextResolve) {
+    if (specifier === 'virtual') {
+      return {
+        url: 'virtual://cache-clear-resolve',
+        format: 'module',
+        shortCircuit: true,
+      };
+    }
+    return nextResolve(specifier, context);
+  },
+  load(url, context, nextLoad) {
+    if (url === 'virtual://cache-clear-resolve') {
+      loadCalls++;
+      return {
+        format: 'module',
+        source: 'export const count = ' +
+          '(globalThis.__module_cache_virtual_counter ?? 0) + 1;\n' +
+          'globalThis.__module_cache_virtual_counter = count;\n',
+        shortCircuit: true,
+      };
+    }
+    return nextLoad(url, context);
+  },
+});
+
+(async () => {
+  const first = await import('virtual');
+  assert.strictEqual(first.count, 1);
+  assert.strictEqual(loadCalls, 1);
+  const loadCallsAfterFirst = loadCalls;
+
+  const cascadedLoader = getOrInitializeCascadedLoader();
+  let deleteResolveCalls = 0;
+  const originalDeleteResolveCacheEntry = cascadedLoader.deleteResolveCacheEntry;
+  const originalDeleteResolveCacheByFilename = cascadedLoader.deleteResolveCacheByFilename;
+  cascadedLoader.deleteResolveCacheEntry = function(...args) {
+    deleteResolveCalls++;
+    return originalDeleteResolveCacheEntry.apply(this, args);
+  };
+  cascadedLoader.deleteResolveCacheByFilename = function(...args) {
+    deleteResolveCalls++;
+    return originalDeleteResolveCacheByFilename.apply(this, args);
+  };
+
+  try {
+    const result = clearCache('virtual', {
+      parentURL: pathToFileURL(__filename),
+    });
+    assert.strictEqual(result.require, false);
+    assert.strictEqual(result.import, true);
+    assert.strictEqual(deleteResolveCalls, 0);
+  } finally {
+    cascadedLoader.deleteResolveCacheEntry = originalDeleteResolveCacheEntry;
+    cascadedLoader.deleteResolveCacheByFilename = originalDeleteResolveCacheByFilename;
+  }
+
+  const second = await import('virtual');
+  assert.strictEqual(second.count, 2);
+  assert.strictEqual(loadCalls, loadCallsAfterFirst + 1);
+
+  hook.deregister();
+  delete globalThis.__module_cache_virtual_counter;
+})().then(common.mustCall());
diff --git a/test/module-hooks/test-module-hooks-clear-cache.js b/test/module-hooks/test-module-hooks-clear-cache.js
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..49f5bed410fce1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/module-hooks/test-module-hooks-clear-cache.js
@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+'use strict';
+
+require('../common');
+
+const assert = require('node:assert');
+const { pathToFileURL } = require('node:url');
+const { clearCache, registerHooks } = require('node:module');
+
+let loadCalls = 0;
+const hook = registerHooks({
+  resolve(specifier, context, nextResolve) {
+    if (specifier === 'virtual') {
+      return {
+        url: 'virtual://cache-clear',
+        format: 'commonjs',
+        shortCircuit: true,
+      };
+    }
+    return nextResolve(specifier, context);
+  },
+  load(url, context, nextLoad) {
+    if (url === 'virtual://cache-clear') {
+      loadCalls++;
+      return {
+        format: 'commonjs',
+        source: 'globalThis.__module_cache_virtual_counter = ' +
+          '(globalThis.__module_cache_virtual_counter ?? 0) + 1;' +
+          'module.exports = { count: globalThis.__module_cache_virtual_counter };',
+        shortCircuit: true,
+      };
+    }
+    return nextLoad(url, context);
+  },
+});
+
+const first = require('virtual');
+assert.strictEqual(first.count, 1);
+
+const result = clearCache('virtual', {
+  parentURL: pathToFileURL(__filename),
+});
+assert.strictEqual(result.require, true);
+assert.strictEqual(result.import, false);
+
+const second = require('virtual');
+assert.strictEqual(second.count, 2);
+assert.strictEqual(loadCalls, 2);
+
+hook.deregister();
+delete globalThis.__module_cache_virtual_counter;
diff --git a/test/parallel/test-module-clear-cache-children.js b/test/parallel/test-module-clear-cache-children.js
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..57ef38579ec215
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/parallel/test-module-clear-cache-children.js
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+'use strict';
+
+require('../common');
+
+const assert = require('node:assert');
+const path = require('node:path');
+const { clearCache } = require('node:module');
+
+const parentPath = path.join(__dirname, '..', 'fixtures', 'module-cache', 'cjs-parent.js');
+const childPath = path.join(__dirname, '..', 'fixtures', 'module-cache', 'cjs-child.js');
+
+const parent = require(parentPath);
+assert.strictEqual(parent.child.count, 1);
+
+const parentModule = require.cache[parentPath];
+assert.ok(parentModule.children.some((child) => child.id === childPath));
+
+const result = clearCache(childPath);
+assert.strictEqual(result.require, true);
+assert.strictEqual(result.import, false);
+
+assert.strictEqual(require.cache[childPath], undefined);
+assert.ok(!parentModule.children.some((child) => child.id === childPath));
+
+const childReloaded = require(childPath);
+assert.strictEqual(childReloaded.count, 2);
+
+delete globalThis.__module_cache_cjs_child_counter;
diff --git a/test/parallel/test-module-clear-cache-cjs-cache.js b/test/parallel/test-module-clear-cache-cjs-cache.js
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..93c777747d3df0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/parallel/test-module-clear-cache-cjs-cache.js
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+// Flags: --expose-internals
+'use strict';
+
+const common = require('../common');
+
+const assert = require('node:assert');
+const path = require('node:path');
+const { pathToFileURL } = require('node:url');
+const { clearCache } = require('node:module');
+const { clearCjsCache } = require('internal/modules/esm/translators');
+
+const fixturePath = path.join(__dirname, '..', 'fixtures', 'module-cache', 'cjs-counter.js');
+const url = pathToFileURL(fixturePath);
+
+(async () => {
+  const first = await import(`${url.href}?v=1`);
+  assert.strictEqual(first.default.count, 1);
+
+  const result = clearCache(url);
+  assert.strictEqual(result.require, true);
+  assert.strictEqual(result.import, true);
+
+  assert.strictEqual(clearCjsCache(`${url.href}?v=1`), false);
+  delete globalThis.__module_cache_cjs_counter;
+})().then(common.mustCall());
diff --git a/test/parallel/test-module-clear-cache-leak.js b/test/parallel/test-module-clear-cache-leak.js
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..c9d79f41be86de
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/parallel/test-module-clear-cache-leak.js
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+'use strict';
+
+const common = require('../common');
+
+const path = require('node:path');
+const Module = require('node:module');
+const { clearCache } = require('node:module');
+const { checkIfCollectableByCounting } = require('../common/gc');
+
+const fixture = path.join(__dirname, '..', 'fixtures', 'module-cache', 'cjs-counter.js');
+
+const outer = 16;
+const inner = 64;
+
+checkIfCollectableByCounting(() => {
+  for (let i = 0; i < inner; i++) {
+    require(fixture);
+    clearCache(fixture);
+  }
+  return inner;
+}, Module, outer).then(common.mustCall(() => {
+  delete globalThis.__module_cache_cjs_counter;
+}));
diff --git a/test/parallel/test-module-clear-cache-options.js b/test/parallel/test-module-clear-cache-options.js
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..40baa3f7de5f4e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/parallel/test-module-clear-cache-options.js
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+'use strict';
+
+require('../common');
+
+const assert = require('node:assert');
+const path = require('node:path');
+const { pathToFileURL } = require('node:url');
+const { clearCache } = require('node:module');
+
+const fixture = path.join(__dirname, '..', 'fixtures', 'module-cache', 'cjs-counter.js');
+const relativeSpecifier = '../fixtures/module-cache/cjs-counter.js';
+
+require(fixture);
+
+assert.throws(() => clearCache(relativeSpecifier, { parentURL: __filename }), {
+  code: 'ERR_INVALID_ARG_VALUE',
+});
+
+const requireResult = clearCache(relativeSpecifier, {
+  parentURL: pathToFileURL(__filename),
+});
+assert.strictEqual(requireResult.require, true);
+
+const first = require(fixture);
+const importResult = clearCache(fixture);
+assert.strictEqual(importResult.require, true);
+assert.strictEqual(importResult.import, false);
+const second = require(fixture);
+assert.notStrictEqual(first.count, second.count);
+assert.strictEqual(first.count, 2);
+assert.strictEqual(second.count, 3);
+
+delete globalThis.__module_cache_cjs_counter;
diff --git a/test/parallel/test-module-clear-cache-parent-links.js b/test/parallel/test-module-clear-cache-parent-links.js
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..02a14071a22a54
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/parallel/test-module-clear-cache-parent-links.js
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+// Flags: --expose-internals
+'use strict';
+
+require('../common');
+
+const assert = require('node:assert');
+const path = require('node:path');
+const { clearCache } = require('node:module');
+const { internalBinding } = require('internal/test/binding');
+
+const {
+  privateSymbols: {
+    module_first_parent_private_symbol,
+    module_last_parent_private_symbol,
+  },
+} = internalBinding('util');
+
+const parentPath = path.join(__dirname, '..', 'fixtures', 'module-cache', 'cjs-parent.js');
+const childPath = path.join(__dirname, '..', 'fixtures', 'module-cache', 'cjs-child.js');
+
+require(parentPath);
+
+const childModule = require.cache[childPath];
+const parentModule = require.cache[parentPath];
+
+assert.strictEqual(childModule[module_first_parent_private_symbol], parentModule);
+assert.strictEqual(childModule[module_last_parent_private_symbol], parentModule);
+
+clearCache(parentPath);
+
+assert.strictEqual(childModule[module_first_parent_private_symbol], undefined);
+assert.strictEqual(childModule[module_last_parent_private_symbol], undefined);
+
+clearCache(childPath);
+delete globalThis.__module_cache_cjs_child_counter;
diff --git a/test/parallel/test-module-clear-cache-source-map-closure.js b/test/parallel/test-module-clear-cache-source-map-closure.js
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..dee838e2f739a8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/parallel/test-module-clear-cache-source-map-closure.js
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+// Flags: --enable-source-maps
+'use strict';
+
+require('../common');
+
+const assert = require('node:assert');
+const path = require('node:path');
+const { clearCache } = require('node:module');
+
+const fixture = path.join(
+  __dirname,
+  '..',
+  'fixtures',
+  'source-map',
+  'cjs-closure-source-map.js',
+);
+
+const { crash } = require(fixture);
+
+const result = clearCache(fixture);
+assert.strictEqual(result.require, true);
+assert.strictEqual(result.import, false);
+
+try {
+  crash();
+  assert.fail('Expected crash() to throw');
+} catch (err) {
+  assert.match(err.stack, /cjs-closure-source-map-original\.js/);
+}
diff --git a/test/parallel/test-module-clear-cache.js b/test/parallel/test-module-clear-cache.js
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..bad921b75ea6bc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/parallel/test-module-clear-cache.js
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+'use strict';
+
+require('../common');
+
+const assert = require('node:assert');
+const path = require('node:path');
+const { clearCache } = require('node:module');
+
+const fixture = path.join(__dirname, '..', 'fixtures', 'module-cache', 'cjs-counter.js');
+
+const first = require(fixture);
+const second = require(fixture);
+
+assert.strictEqual(first.count, 1);
+assert.strictEqual(second.count, 1);
+assert.strictEqual(first, second);
+
+const result = clearCache(fixture);
+assert.strictEqual(result.require, true);
+assert.strictEqual(result.import, false);
+
+const third = require(fixture);
+assert.strictEqual(third.count, 2);
+
+delete globalThis.__module_cache_cjs_counter;