diff --git a/src/build-manifest.ts b/src/build-manifest.ts
index fa1b2579..ff4b5aaf 100644
--- a/src/build-manifest.ts
+++ b/src/build-manifest.ts
@@ -230,7 +230,7 @@ export async function buildManifest(): Promise<ManifestEntry[]> {
     }
   }
 
-  return [...manifest.values()];
+  return [...manifest.values()].sort((a, b) => a.site.localeCompare(b.site) || a.name.localeCompare(b.name));
 }
 
 async function main(): Promise<void> {
diff --git a/src/clis/instagram/download.test.ts b/src/clis/instagram/download.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..956aaea7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/clis/instagram/download.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,159 @@
+import * as os from 'node:os';
+import { beforeAll, beforeEach, describe, expect, it, vi } from 'vitest';
+import type { CliCommand } from '../../registry.js';
+import { getRegistry } from '../../registry.js';
+import { ArgumentError, AuthRequiredError, CliError, CommandExecutionError } from '../../errors.js';
+import type { IPage } from '../../types.js';
+
+const { mockHttpDownload, logSpy } = vi.hoisted(() => ({
+  mockHttpDownload: vi.fn(),
+  logSpy: vi.spyOn(console, 'log').mockImplementation(() => undefined),
+}));
+
+vi.mock('../../download/index.js', async () => {
+  const actual = await vi.importActual<object>('../../download/index.js');
+  return { ...actual, httpDownload: mockHttpDownload };
+});
+
+const {
+  buildInstagramDownloadItems,
+  parseInstagramMediaTarget,
+} = await import('./download.js');
+
+let cmd: CliCommand;
+
+beforeAll(() => {
+  cmd = getRegistry().get('instagram/download')!;
+  expect(cmd?.func).toBeTypeOf('function');
+});
+
+function createPageMock(evaluateResult: unknown): IPage {
+  return {
+    goto: vi.fn().mockResolvedValue(undefined),
+    evaluate: vi.fn().mockResolvedValue(evaluateResult),
+  } as unknown as IPage;
+}
+
+describe('instagram download helpers', () => {
+  it('parses canonical and username-prefixed Instagram media URLs', () => {
+    expect(parseInstagramMediaTarget('https://www.instagram.com/reel/DWg8NuZEj9p/?utm_source=ig_web_copy_link')).toEqual({
+      kind: 'reel',
+      shortcode: 'DWg8NuZEj9p',
+      canonicalUrl: 'https://www.instagram.com/reel/DWg8NuZEj9p/',
+    });
+
+    expect(parseInstagramMediaTarget('https://www.instagram.com/nasa/p/DWUR_azCWbN/?img_index=1')).toEqual({
+      kind: 'p',
+      shortcode: 'DWUR_azCWbN',
+      canonicalUrl: 'https://www.instagram.com/p/DWUR_azCWbN/',
+    });
+  });
+
+  it('rejects unsupported URLs early', () => {
+    expect(() => parseInstagramMediaTarget('https://example.com/p/abc')).toThrow(ArgumentError);
+    expect(() => parseInstagramMediaTarget('https://www.instagram.com/stories/abc/123')).toThrow(ArgumentError);
+  });
+
+  it('builds padded filenames and preserves known file extensions', () => {
+    expect(buildInstagramDownloadItems('DWUR_azCWbN', [
+      { type: 'image', url: 'https://cdn.example.com/photo.webp?foo=1' },
+      { type: 'video', url: 'https://cdn.example.com/video.mp4?bar=2' },
+      { type: 'image', url: 'not-a-valid-url' },
+    ])).toEqual([
+      { type: 'image', url: 'https://cdn.example.com/photo.webp?foo=1', filename: 'DWUR_azCWbN_01.webp' },
+      { type: 'video', url: 'https://cdn.example.com/video.mp4?bar=2', filename: 'DWUR_azCWbN_02.mp4' },
+      { type: 'image', url: 'not-a-valid-url', filename: 'DWUR_azCWbN_03.jpg' },
+    ]);
+  });
+});
+
+describe('instagram download command', () => {
+  beforeEach(() => {
+    mockHttpDownload.mockReset();
+    logSpy.mockClear();
+  });
+
+  it('rejects invalid URLs before browser work', async () => {
+    const page = createPageMock({ ok: true, items: [] });
+    await expect(cmd.func!(page, { url: 'https://example.com/not-instagram' })).rejects.toThrow(ArgumentError);
+    expect((page.goto as any).mock.calls).toHaveLength(0);
+  });
+
+  it('maps auth failures to AuthRequiredError', async () => {
+    const page = createPageMock({ ok: false, errorCode: 'AUTH_REQUIRED', error: 'Instagram login required' });
+    await expect(cmd.func!(page, { url: 'https://www.instagram.com/p/DWUR_azCWbN/' })).rejects.toThrow(AuthRequiredError);
+    expect(mockHttpDownload).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+  });
+
+  it('maps rate limit failures to CliError with RATE_LIMITED code', async () => {
+    const page = createPageMock({ ok: false, errorCode: 'RATE_LIMITED', error: 'Please wait a few minutes' });
+    await expect(cmd.func!(page, { url: 'https://www.instagram.com/p/DWUR_azCWbN/' })).rejects.toMatchObject({ code: 'RATE_LIMITED' } satisfies Partial<CliError>);
+    expect(mockHttpDownload).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+  });
+
+  it('maps private/unavailable failures to CommandExecutionError', async () => {
+    const page = createPageMock({ ok: false, errorCode: 'PRIVATE_OR_UNAVAILABLE', error: 'Post may be private' });
+    await expect(cmd.func!(page, { url: 'https://www.instagram.com/p/DWUR_azCWbN/' })).rejects.toThrow(CommandExecutionError);
+    expect(mockHttpDownload).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+  });
+
+  it('throws when no downloadable media is found', async () => {
+    const page = createPageMock({ ok: true, shortcode: 'DWUR_azCWbN', items: [] });
+    await expect(cmd.func!(page, { url: 'https://www.instagram.com/p/DWUR_azCWbN/' })).rejects.toThrow(CommandExecutionError);
+    expect(mockHttpDownload).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+  });
+
+  it('downloads media and prints saved directory', async () => {
+    mockHttpDownload
+      .mockResolvedValueOnce({ success: true, size: 120_000 })
+      .mockResolvedValueOnce({ success: true, size: 8_200_000 });
+
+    const page = createPageMock({
+      ok: true,
+      shortcode: 'DWUR_azCWbN',
+      items: [
+        { type: 'image', url: 'https://cdn.example.com/photo.webp?foo=1' },
+        { type: 'video', url: 'https://cdn.example.com/video.mp4?bar=2' },
+      ],
+    });
+
+    const result = await cmd.func!(page, {
+      url: 'https://www.instagram.com/nasa/p/DWUR_azCWbN/?img_index=1',
+      path: './instagram-test',
+    });
+
+    expect(result).toBeNull();
+    expect((page.goto as any).mock.calls[0]?.[0]).toBe('https://www.instagram.com/p/DWUR_azCWbN/');
+    expect(mockHttpDownload).toHaveBeenNthCalledWith(1,
+      'https://cdn.example.com/photo.webp?foo=1',
+      expect.stringContaining('instagram-test/DWUR_azCWbN/DWUR_azCWbN_01.webp'),
+      expect.objectContaining({ timeout: 60000 }),
+    );
+    expect(mockHttpDownload).toHaveBeenNthCalledWith(2,
+      'https://cdn.example.com/video.mp4?bar=2',
+      expect.stringContaining('instagram-test/DWUR_azCWbN/DWUR_azCWbN_02.mp4'),
+      expect.objectContaining({ timeout: 120000 }),
+    );
+    expect(logSpy).toHaveBeenCalledWith('📁 saved: instagram-test/DWUR_azCWbN');
+  });
+
+  it('uses a cross-platform Downloads default when path is omitted', async () => {
+    mockHttpDownload.mockResolvedValueOnce({ success: true, size: 120_000 });
+
+    const page = createPageMock({
+      ok: true,
+      shortcode: 'DWUR_azCWbN',
+      items: [
+        { type: 'image', url: 'https://cdn.example.com/photo.webp?foo=1' },
+      ],
+    });
+
+    await cmd.func!(page, { url: 'https://www.instagram.com/p/DWUR_azCWbN/' });
+
+    expect(mockHttpDownload).toHaveBeenCalledWith(
+      'https://cdn.example.com/photo.webp?foo=1',
+      expect.stringContaining(`${os.homedir()}/Downloads/Instagram/DWUR_azCWbN/DWUR_azCWbN_01.webp`),
+      expect.objectContaining({ timeout: 60000 }),
+    );
+  });
+});
diff --git a/src/clis/instagram/download.ts b/src/clis/instagram/download.ts
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..54463c4a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/clis/instagram/download.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,286 @@
+import * as fs from 'node:fs';
+import * as os from 'node:os';
+import * as path from 'node:path';
+import { cli, Strategy } from '../../registry.js';
+import { ArgumentError, AuthRequiredError, CliError, CommandExecutionError, EXIT_CODES } from '../../errors.js';
+import { httpDownload } from '../../download/index.js';
+import type { IPage } from '../../types.js';
+
+const INSTAGRAM_GRAPHQL_DOC_ID = '8845758582119845';
+const INSTAGRAM_GRAPHQL_APP_ID = '936619743392459';
+const INSTAGRAM_HOST_SUFFIX = 'instagram.com';
+const SUPPORTED_KINDS = new Set(['p', 'reel', 'tv']);
+
+export interface InstagramMediaTarget {
+  kind: 'p' | 'reel' | 'tv';
+  shortcode: string;
+  canonicalUrl: string;
+}
+
+interface InstagramPageMediaItem {
+  type: 'image' | 'video';
+  url: string;
+}
+
+interface InstagramFetchResult {
+  ok: boolean;
+  shortcode?: string;
+  owner?: string;
+  items?: InstagramPageMediaItem[];
+  errorCode?: string;
+  error?: string;
+}
+
+interface DownloadedMediaItem extends InstagramPageMediaItem {
+  filename: string;
+}
+
+function displayPath(filePath: string): string {
+  const home = os.homedir();
+  return filePath.startsWith(home) ? `~${filePath.slice(home.length)}` : filePath;
+}
+
+
+export function parseInstagramMediaTarget(input: string): InstagramMediaTarget {
+  const raw = String(input || '').trim();
+  if (!raw) {
+    throw new ArgumentError(
+      'Instagram URL is required',
+      'Expected https://www.instagram.com/p/... or https://www.instagram.com/reel/...',
+    );
+  }
+
+  let url: URL;
+  try {
+    url = new URL(raw);
+  } catch {
+    throw new ArgumentError(
+      `Invalid Instagram URL: ${raw}`,
+      'Expected https://www.instagram.com/p/<shortcode>/ or /reel/<shortcode>/',
+    );
+  }
+
+  if (!['http:', 'https:'].includes(url.protocol)) {
+    throw new ArgumentError(`Unsupported URL protocol: ${url.protocol}`);
+  }
+
+  const host = url.hostname.toLowerCase();
+  if (host !== INSTAGRAM_HOST_SUFFIX && !host.endsWith(`.${INSTAGRAM_HOST_SUFFIX}`)) {
+    throw new ArgumentError(`Unsupported host: ${host}`, 'Only instagram.com URLs are supported');
+  }
+
+  const segments = url.pathname.split('/').filter(Boolean);
+  let kind: string | undefined;
+  let shortcode: string | undefined;
+
+  if (segments.length >= 2 && SUPPORTED_KINDS.has(segments[0]!)) {
+    kind = segments[0];
+    shortcode = segments[1];
+  } else if (segments.length >= 3 && SUPPORTED_KINDS.has(segments[1]!)) {
+    kind = segments[1];
+    shortcode = segments[2];
+  }
+
+  if (!kind || !shortcode) {
+    throw new ArgumentError(
+      `Unsupported Instagram media URL: ${raw}`,
+      'Only /p/<shortcode>/, /reel/<shortcode>/, and /tv/<shortcode>/ links are supported',
+    );
+  }
+
+  return {
+    kind: kind as 'p' | 'reel' | 'tv',
+    shortcode,
+    canonicalUrl: `https://www.instagram.com/${kind}/${shortcode}/`,
+  };
+}
+
+export function buildInstagramDownloadItems(shortcode: string, items: InstagramPageMediaItem[]): DownloadedMediaItem[] {
+  return items
+    .filter((item) => item?.url)
+    .map((item, index) => {
+      const fallbackExt = item.type === 'video' ? '.mp4' : '.jpg';
+      let ext = fallbackExt;
+
+      try {
+        const pathname = new URL(item.url).pathname;
+        const candidateExt = path.extname(pathname).toLowerCase();
+        if (candidateExt && candidateExt.length <= 8) ext = candidateExt;
+      } catch {
+        ext = fallbackExt;
+      }
+
+      return {
+        type: item.type,
+        url: item.url,
+        filename: `${shortcode}_${String(index + 1).padStart(2, '0')}${ext}`,
+      };
+    });
+}
+
+export function buildInstagramFetchScript(shortcode: string): string {
+  return `
+    (async () => {
+      const shortcode = ${JSON.stringify(shortcode)};
+      const docId = ${JSON.stringify(INSTAGRAM_GRAPHQL_DOC_ID)};
+      const variables = {
+        shortcode,
+        fetch_tagged_user_count: null,
+        hoisted_comment_id: null,
+        hoisted_reply_id: null,
+      };
+      const url = 'https://www.instagram.com/graphql/query/?doc_id=' + docId + '&variables=' + encodeURIComponent(JSON.stringify(variables));
+      const res = await fetch(url, {
+        credentials: 'include',
+        headers: {
+          'Accept': 'application/json,text/plain,*/*',
+          'X-IG-App-ID': ${JSON.stringify(INSTAGRAM_GRAPHQL_APP_ID)},
+        },
+      });
+      const rawText = await res.text();
+
+      let data = null;
+      try {
+        data = rawText ? JSON.parse(rawText) : null;
+      } catch {
+        return {
+          ok: false,
+          errorCode: 'COMMAND_EXEC',
+          error: 'Instagram returned non-JSON content while fetching media metadata',
+        };
+      }
+
+      const message = typeof data?.message === 'string' ? data.message : '';
+      const lowered = (message || '').toLowerCase();
+
+      if (!res.ok) {
+        if (res.status === 401 || res.status === 403 || data?.require_login) {
+          return { ok: false, errorCode: 'AUTH_REQUIRED', error: message || ('HTTP ' + res.status) };
+        }
+        if (res.status === 429) {
+          return { ok: false, errorCode: 'RATE_LIMITED', error: message || 'HTTP 429' };
+        }
+        if (res.status === 404 || res.status === 410) {
+          return { ok: false, errorCode: 'PRIVATE_OR_UNAVAILABLE', error: message || ('HTTP ' + res.status) };
+        }
+        return { ok: false, errorCode: 'COMMAND_EXEC', error: message || ('HTTP ' + res.status) };
+      }
+
+      if (data?.require_login) {
+        return { ok: false, errorCode: 'AUTH_REQUIRED', error: message || 'Instagram login required' };
+      }
+      if (lowered.includes('wait a few minutes') || lowered.includes('rate')) {
+        return { ok: false, errorCode: 'RATE_LIMITED', error: message || 'Instagram rate limit triggered' };
+      }
+
+      const media = data?.data?.xdt_shortcode_media;
+      if (!media) {
+        return {
+          ok: false,
+          errorCode: 'PRIVATE_OR_UNAVAILABLE',
+          error: message || 'Post may be private, unavailable, or inaccessible to the current browser session',
+        };
+      }
+
+      const nodes = Array.isArray(media?.edge_sidecar_to_children?.edges) && media.edge_sidecar_to_children.edges.length > 0
+        ? media.edge_sidecar_to_children.edges.map((edge) => edge?.node).filter(Boolean)
+        : [media];
+
+      const items = nodes
+        .map((node) => ({
+          type: node?.is_video ? 'video' : 'image',
+          url: String(node?.is_video ? (node?.video_url || '') : (node?.display_url || '')),
+        }))
+        .filter((item) => item.url);
+
+      return {
+        ok: true,
+        shortcode: media.shortcode || shortcode,
+        owner: media?.owner?.username || '',
+        items,
+      };
+    })()
+  `;
+}
+
+function ensurePage(page: IPage | null): IPage {
+  if (!page) throw new CommandExecutionError('Browser session required');
+  return page;
+}
+
+function normalizeFetchResult(result: unknown): InstagramFetchResult {
+  if (!result || typeof result !== 'object') {
+    throw new CommandExecutionError('Failed to fetch Instagram media metadata');
+  }
+  return result as InstagramFetchResult;
+}
+
+function handleFetchFailure(result: InstagramFetchResult): never {
+  const message = result.error || 'Instagram media fetch failed';
+
+  if (result.errorCode === 'AUTH_REQUIRED') {
+    throw new AuthRequiredError('instagram.com', message);
+  }
+  if (result.errorCode === 'RATE_LIMITED') {
+    throw new CliError(
+      'RATE_LIMITED',
+      message,
+      'Wait a few minutes and retry, or switch to a browser session with a warmer Instagram login state.',
+      EXIT_CODES.TEMPFAIL,
+    );
+  }
+  if (result.errorCode === 'PRIVATE_OR_UNAVAILABLE') {
+    throw new CommandExecutionError(message, 'Open the post in a logged-in browser session and retry');
+  }
+
+  throw new CommandExecutionError(message);
+}
+
+async function downloadInstagramMedia(items: DownloadedMediaItem[], outputDir: string): Promise<void> {
+  fs.mkdirSync(outputDir, { recursive: true });
+
+  for (const item of items) {
+    const destPath = path.join(outputDir, item.filename);
+    const result = await httpDownload(item.url, destPath, {
+      timeout: item.type === 'video' ? 120000 : 60000,
+    });
+
+    if (!result.success) {
+      throw new CommandExecutionError(`Failed to download ${item.filename}: ${result.error || 'unknown error'}`);
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+cli({
+  site: 'instagram',
+  name: 'download',
+  description: 'Download images and videos from Instagram posts and reels',
+  domain: 'www.instagram.com',
+  strategy: Strategy.COOKIE,
+  navigateBefore: false,
+  args: [
+    { name: 'url', positional: true, required: true, help: 'Instagram post / reel / tv URL' },
+    { name: 'path', default: path.join(os.homedir(), 'Downloads', 'Instagram'), help: 'Download directory' },
+  ],
+  func: async (page, kwargs) => {
+    const browserPage = ensurePage(page);
+    const target = parseInstagramMediaTarget(String(kwargs.url ?? ''));
+    const outputRoot = String(kwargs.path ?? path.join(os.homedir(), 'Downloads', 'Instagram'));
+
+    await browserPage.goto(target.canonicalUrl);
+
+    const fetchResult = normalizeFetchResult(await browserPage.evaluate(buildInstagramFetchScript(target.shortcode)));
+    if (!fetchResult.ok) handleFetchFailure(fetchResult);
+
+    const shortcode = fetchResult.shortcode || target.shortcode;
+    const mediaItems = buildInstagramDownloadItems(shortcode, fetchResult.items || []);
+    if (mediaItems.length === 0) {
+      throw new CommandExecutionError('No downloadable media found');
+    }
+
+    const savedDir = path.join(outputRoot, shortcode);
+    await downloadInstagramMedia(mediaItems, savedDir);
+    console.log(`📁 saved: ${displayPath(savedDir)}`);
+    return null;
+  },
+});
diff --git a/src/commanderAdapter.ts b/src/commanderAdapter.ts
index 66204848..07ce3466 100644
--- a/src/commanderAdapter.ts
+++ b/src/commanderAdapter.ts
@@ -103,6 +103,9 @@ export function registerCommandToProgram(siteCmd: Command, cmd: CliCommand): voi
       }
 
       const result = await executeCommand(cmd, kwargs, verbose);
+      if (result === null || result === undefined) {
+        return;
+      }
 
       if (verbose && (!result || (Array.isArray(result) && result.length === 0))) {
         console.error(chalk.yellow('[Verbose] Warning: Command returned an empty result.'));