From f91d3183027fe8a9df62dc04da1167928b27f841 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Andrew Fitzgibbon <awf@fitzgibbon.ie>
Date: Wed, 15 Apr 2026 18:17:45 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 01/12] CI: add cached linux/386 test lane and 32-bit xfails

---
 .github/workflows/ci.yaml | 34 ++++++++++++++++++++++
 BUILDING.md               |  5 ++++
 etc/linux-386.Dockerfile  | 19 +++++++++++++
 etc/test-linux-386.sh     | 40 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 test/conftest.py          | 59 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 test/test_jax.py          |  5 ++--
 test/test_microxcaling.py | 16 +++++------
 test/test_torch.py        |  3 +-
 8 files changed, 170 insertions(+), 11 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 etc/linux-386.Dockerfile
 create mode 100644 etc/test-linux-386.sh
 create mode 100644 test/conftest.py

diff --git a/.github/workflows/ci.yaml b/.github/workflows/ci.yaml
index ffa0db7..941fe8d 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/ci.yaml
+++ b/.github/workflows/ci.yaml
@@ -41,3 +41,37 @@ jobs:
       - name: Ensure that docs build
         run: |
           cd docs && make html
+
+  pytest-linux-386:
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v3
+
+      - name: Restore cached linux/386 docker image
+        id: cache-linux-386-image
+        uses: actions/cache@v4
+        with:
+          path: /tmp/gfloat-linux-386-image.tar
+          key: ${{ runner.os }}-linux-386-image-${{ hashFiles('etc/linux-386.Dockerfile', 'requirements.txt', 'requirements-dev.txt', 'pyproject.toml') }}
+
+      - name: Enable QEMU for 32-bit emulation
+        uses: docker/setup-qemu-action@v3
+        with:
+          platforms: 386
+
+      - name: Load cached linux/386 docker image
+        run: |
+          if [ -f /tmp/gfloat-linux-386-image.tar ]; then
+            docker load -i /tmp/gfloat-linux-386-image.tar
+          fi
+
+      - name: Run full unit tests on linux/386
+        run: |
+          bash etc/test-linux-386.sh
+
+      - name: Save linux/386 docker image to cache path
+        if: always()
+        run: |
+          docker image inspect gfloat-linux-386:py310-uv >/dev/null 2>&1
+          docker save gfloat-linux-386:py310-uv -o /tmp/gfloat-linux-386-image.tar
diff --git a/BUILDING.md b/BUILDING.md
index c62cab2..f3a99c2 100644
--- a/BUILDING.md
+++ b/BUILDING.md
@@ -8,6 +8,11 @@ pip install -e .
 # Install packages for testing - will install JAX, Torch, etc.
 pip install -r requirements-dev.txt
 pytest .
+
+# Full unit test suite (test/) on 32-bit linux/386 in Docker
+bash etc/test-linux-386.sh
+# Rebuild the cached linux/386 test image when dependencies change
+GFLOAT_LINUX386_REBUILD=1 bash etc/test-linux-386.sh
 ```
 
 #### Pushing
diff --git a/etc/linux-386.Dockerfile b/etc/linux-386.Dockerfile
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7c861f6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/etc/linux-386.Dockerfile
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+# Copyright (c) 2024 Graphcore Ltd. All rights reserved.
+
+FROM python:3.10-slim
+
+ENV DEBIAN_FRONTEND=noninteractive
+
+RUN apt-get update \
+    && apt-get install -y --no-install-recommends build-essential \
+    && rm -rf /var/lib/apt/lists/*
+
+RUN python -m pip install -U pip uv \
+    && uv pip install --system \
+        "numpy<2" \
+        pytest \
+        nbval \
+        ml_dtypes \
+        array-api-compat \
+        array-api-strict \
+        more_itertools
diff --git a/etc/test-linux-386.sh b/etc/test-linux-386.sh
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b01b2a9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/etc/test-linux-386.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env bash
+
+# Copyright (c) 2024 Graphcore Ltd. All rights reserved.
+
+set -euo pipefail
+
+SCRIPT_DIR="$(cd "$(dirname "${BASH_SOURCE[0]}")" && pwd)"
+REPO_DIR="$(cd "${SCRIPT_DIR}/.." && pwd)"
+
+IMAGE="gfloat-linux-386:py310-uv"
+PLATFORM="linux/386"
+DOCKERFILE="etc/linux-386.Dockerfile"
+
+echo "Running full unit tests in Docker (${PLATFORM})"
+
+if ! docker info >/dev/null 2>&1; then
+    echo "Docker daemon is not running; start Docker and rerun this script." >&2
+    exit 1
+fi
+
+if [[ "${GFLOAT_LINUX386_REBUILD:-0}" == "1" ]] || ! docker image inspect "${IMAGE}" >/dev/null 2>&1; then
+    echo "Building test image ${IMAGE} for ${PLATFORM} (cached after first build)"
+    docker buildx build \
+    --platform "${PLATFORM}" \
+    --load \
+    -t "${IMAGE}" \
+    -f "${REPO_DIR}/${DOCKERFILE}" \
+    "${REPO_DIR}"
+fi
+
+docker run --rm \
+--platform "${PLATFORM}" \
+-v "${REPO_DIR}:/work" \
+-w /work \
+"${IMAGE}" \
+bash -lc '
+    set -euo pipefail
+    export PYTHONPATH="/work/src${PYTHONPATH:+:${PYTHONPATH}}"
+    python -m pytest -vv test
+'
diff --git a/test/conftest.py b/test/conftest.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9968275
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/conftest.py
@@ -0,0 +1,59 @@
+# Copyright (c) 2024 Graphcore Ltd. All rights reserved.
+
+import struct
+
+import pytest
+
+
+def _is_32bit_python() -> bool:
+    return struct.calcsize("P") * 8 == 32
+
+
+def pytest_collection_modifyitems(
+    config: pytest.Config, items: list[pytest.Item]
+) -> None:
+    if not _is_32bit_python():
+        return
+
+    mark = pytest.mark.xfail(
+        reason="Known 32-bit regressions (issue #57)",
+        strict=False,
+    )
+
+    for item in items:
+        nodeid = item.nodeid
+
+        if nodeid.startswith("test/test_array_api.py::"):
+            item.add_marker(mark)
+            continue
+
+        if nodeid.startswith(
+            "test/test_round.py::test_stochastic_rounding_scalar_eq_array"
+        ):
+            item.add_marker(mark)
+            continue
+
+        if nodeid.startswith("test/test_encode.py::test_encode["):
+            item.add_marker(mark)
+            continue
+
+        if nodeid.startswith("test/test_encode.py::test_encode_edges[encode_ndarray-"):
+            item.add_marker(mark)
+            continue
+
+        if (
+            nodeid.startswith("test/test_decode.py::test_spot_check_")
+            and "[array]" in nodeid
+        ):
+            item.add_marker(mark)
+            continue
+
+        if (
+            nodeid.startswith("test/test_decode.py::test_specials_decode[")
+            and "[array-" in nodeid
+        ):
+            item.add_marker(mark)
+            continue
+
+        if nodeid.startswith("test/test_decode.py::test_consistent_decodes_all_values["):
+            item.add_marker(mark)
diff --git a/test/test_jax.py b/test/test_jax.py
index 02d5d04..e0697d9 100644
--- a/test/test_jax.py
+++ b/test/test_jax.py
@@ -1,9 +1,10 @@
 # Copyright (c) 2024 Graphcore Ltd. All rights reserved.
 
 import numpy as np
+import pytest
 
-import jax
-import jax.numpy as jnp
+jax = pytest.importorskip("jax")
+jnp = pytest.importorskip("jax.numpy")
 
 import ml_dtypes
 
diff --git a/test/test_microxcaling.py b/test/test_microxcaling.py
index d1edcb8..a155f2d 100644
--- a/test/test_microxcaling.py
+++ b/test/test_microxcaling.py
@@ -5,14 +5,14 @@
 import numpy as np
 from numpy.typing import NDArray
 
-import torch
-
-from torchao.prototype.mx_formats.mx_tensor import MXTensor
-from torchao.prototype.mx_formats.constants import (
-    DTYPE_FP6_E2M3,
-    DTYPE_FP6_E3M2,
-    DTYPE_FP4,
-)
+torch = pytest.importorskip("torch")
+mx_tensor_module = pytest.importorskip("torchao.prototype.mx_formats.mx_tensor")
+mx_constants_module = pytest.importorskip("torchao.prototype.mx_formats.constants")
+
+MXTensor = mx_tensor_module.MXTensor
+DTYPE_FP6_E2M3 = mx_constants_module.DTYPE_FP6_E2M3
+DTYPE_FP6_E3M2 = mx_constants_module.DTYPE_FP6_E3M2
+DTYPE_FP4 = mx_constants_module.DTYPE_FP4
 
 from gfloat import (
     BlockFormatInfo,
diff --git a/test/test_torch.py b/test/test_torch.py
index 2b81cff..91a1080 100644
--- a/test/test_torch.py
+++ b/test/test_torch.py
@@ -3,7 +3,8 @@
 import pytest
 
 import numpy.typing as npt
-import torch
+
+torch = pytest.importorskip("torch")
 
 from gfloat import FormatInfo, RoundMode, round_ndarray
 from gfloat.formats import format_info_ocp_e5m2, format_info_p3109

From fdc04435c8950cf2ff041fa790589356c22571cc Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Andrew Fitzgibbon <awf@fitzgibbon.ie>
Date: Wed, 15 Apr 2026 21:23:04 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 02/12] Improve linux/386 build log visibility

---
 etc/linux-386.Dockerfile | 24 +++++++++++++++---------
 etc/test-linux-386.sh    |  1 +
 2 files changed, 16 insertions(+), 9 deletions(-)

diff --git a/etc/linux-386.Dockerfile b/etc/linux-386.Dockerfile
index 7c861f6..578029a 100644
--- a/etc/linux-386.Dockerfile
+++ b/etc/linux-386.Dockerfile
@@ -8,12 +8,18 @@ RUN apt-get update \
     && apt-get install -y --no-install-recommends build-essential \
     && rm -rf /var/lib/apt/lists/*
 
-RUN python -m pip install -U pip uv \
-    && uv pip install --system \
-        "numpy<2" \
-        pytest \
-        nbval \
-        ml_dtypes \
-        array-api-compat \
-        array-api-strict \
-        more_itertools
+RUN python -m pip install -U pip uv
+
+RUN NINJAFLAGS='-v' python -m pip install -v --no-cache-dir \
+    "numpy<2"
+
+RUN NINJAFLAGS='-v' UV_NO_PROGRESS=1 uv pip install --system \
+    psutil \
+    ml_dtypes
+
+RUN UV_NO_PROGRESS=1 uv pip install --system \
+    pytest \
+    nbval \
+    array-api-compat \
+    array-api-strict \
+    more_itertools
diff --git a/etc/test-linux-386.sh b/etc/test-linux-386.sh
index b01b2a9..a79a758 100644
--- a/etc/test-linux-386.sh
+++ b/etc/test-linux-386.sh
@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@ fi
 if [[ "${GFLOAT_LINUX386_REBUILD:-0}" == "1" ]] || ! docker image inspect "${IMAGE}" >/dev/null 2>&1; then
     echo "Building test image ${IMAGE} for ${PLATFORM} (cached after first build)"
     docker buildx build \
+    --progress=plain \
     --platform "${PLATFORM}" \
     --load \
     -t "${IMAGE}" \

From 1ff6517f2d91f2d180838c46840bc79d0352f166 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Andrew Fitzgibbon <awf@fitzgibbon.ie>
Date: Wed, 15 Apr 2026 22:37:26 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 03/12] Speed up ml_dtypes build on linux/386

---
 etc/linux-386.Dockerfile | 8 +++++---
 1 file changed, 5 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/etc/linux-386.Dockerfile b/etc/linux-386.Dockerfile
index 578029a..053470d 100644
--- a/etc/linux-386.Dockerfile
+++ b/etc/linux-386.Dockerfile
@@ -13,11 +13,13 @@ RUN python -m pip install -U pip uv
 RUN NINJAFLAGS='-v' python -m pip install -v --no-cache-dir \
     "numpy<2"
 
-RUN NINJAFLAGS='-v' UV_NO_PROGRESS=1 uv pip install --system \
-    psutil \
+RUN NINJAFLAGS='-v' UV_NO_PROGRESS=1 uv pip install -v --system \
+    psutil
+
+RUN NINJAFLAGS='-v' python -m pip install -v --no-build-isolation --no-cache-dir \
     ml_dtypes
 
-RUN UV_NO_PROGRESS=1 uv pip install --system \
+RUN UV_NO_PROGRESS=1 uv pip install -v --system \
     pytest \
     nbval \
     array-api-compat \

From 58514c1cf352c31dbbcebfcb24fda2ef2f984d24 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Andrew Fitzgibbon <awf@fitzgibbon.ie>
Date: Thu, 16 Apr 2026 09:25:29 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 04/12] comment, and CI cache test

---
 BUILDING.md | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/BUILDING.md b/BUILDING.md
index f3a99c2..65c4910 100644
--- a/BUILDING.md
+++ b/BUILDING.md
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ pip install -e .
 pip install -r requirements-dev.txt
 pytest .
 
-# Full unit test suite (test/) on 32-bit linux/386 in Docker
+# Run tests on 32-bit linux/386 in Docker
 bash etc/test-linux-386.sh
 # Rebuild the cached linux/386 test image when dependencies change
 GFLOAT_LINUX386_REBUILD=1 bash etc/test-linux-386.sh

From 8bc818e1e17888d93e97b44d4cacb068efcc8276 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Andrew Fitzgibbon <awf@fitzgibbon.ie>
Date: Thu, 16 Apr 2026 09:40:21 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 05/12] Update CI actions for Node 24 runtime

---
 .github/workflows/ci.yaml | 13 ++++++++-----
 1 file changed, 8 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-)

diff --git a/.github/workflows/ci.yaml b/.github/workflows/ci.yaml
index 941fe8d..b56eb73 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/ci.yaml
+++ b/.github/workflows/ci.yaml
@@ -6,13 +6,16 @@ on:
   push:
     branches: [main]
 
+env:
+  FORCE_JAVASCRIPT_ACTIONS_TO_NODE24: true
+
 jobs:
   pytest-container:
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
 
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v3
-      - uses: actions/setup-python@v4
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v6
+      - uses: actions/setup-python@v6
         with:
           python-version: "3.10"
           cache: "pip"
@@ -46,17 +49,17 @@ jobs:
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
 
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v3
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v6
 
       - name: Restore cached linux/386 docker image
         id: cache-linux-386-image
-        uses: actions/cache@v4
+        uses: actions/cache@v5
         with:
           path: /tmp/gfloat-linux-386-image.tar
           key: ${{ runner.os }}-linux-386-image-${{ hashFiles('etc/linux-386.Dockerfile', 'requirements.txt', 'requirements-dev.txt', 'pyproject.toml') }}
 
       - name: Enable QEMU for 32-bit emulation
-        uses: docker/setup-qemu-action@v3
+        uses: docker/setup-qemu-action@v4
         with:
           platforms: 386
 

From 5662496952e4731381f3e1e1b30f3deba4c0d1f6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Andrew Fitzgibbon <awf@fitzgibbon.ie>
Date: Thu, 16 Apr 2026 10:13:16 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 06/12] Add load/build/run modes for linux/386 test script

---
 BUILDING.md           |  9 +++++--
 etc/test-linux-386.sh | 58 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++---------
 2 files changed, 53 insertions(+), 14 deletions(-)

diff --git a/BUILDING.md b/BUILDING.md
index 65c4910..ae334ad 100644
--- a/BUILDING.md
+++ b/BUILDING.md
@@ -10,9 +10,14 @@ pip install -r requirements-dev.txt
 pytest .
 
 # Run tests on 32-bit linux/386 in Docker
+# Build image if missing, then run tests
 bash etc/test-linux-386.sh
-# Rebuild the cached linux/386 test image when dependencies change
-GFLOAT_LINUX386_REBUILD=1 bash etc/test-linux-386.sh
+# Build image if missing
+bash etc/test-linux-386.sh load
+# Force rebuild image
+bash etc/test-linux-386.sh build
+# Run tests only (requires existing image)
+bash etc/test-linux-386.sh run
 ```
 
 #### Pushing
diff --git a/etc/test-linux-386.sh b/etc/test-linux-386.sh
index a79a758..25b13dc 100644
--- a/etc/test-linux-386.sh
+++ b/etc/test-linux-386.sh
@@ -10,6 +10,20 @@ REPO_DIR="$(cd "${SCRIPT_DIR}/.." && pwd)"
 IMAGE="gfloat-linux-386:py310-uv"
 PLATFORM="linux/386"
 DOCKERFILE="etc/linux-386.Dockerfile"
+MODE="${1:-all}"
+
+usage() {
+    echo "Usage: bash etc/test-linux-386.sh [load|build|run]"
+    echo "  load  Build image only if missing"
+    echo "  build Force rebuild image"
+    echo "  run   Run tests (image must already exist)"
+    echo "  (no arg) Build image if missing, then run tests"
+}
+
+if [[ "${MODE}" != "all" && "${MODE}" != "load" && "${MODE}" != "build" && "${MODE}" != "run" ]]; then
+    usage
+    exit 2
+fi
 
 echo "Running full unit tests in Docker (${PLATFORM})"
 
@@ -18,8 +32,8 @@ if ! docker info >/dev/null 2>&1; then
     exit 1
 fi
 
-if [[ "${GFLOAT_LINUX386_REBUILD:-0}" == "1" ]] || ! docker image inspect "${IMAGE}" >/dev/null 2>&1; then
-    echo "Building test image ${IMAGE} for ${PLATFORM} (cached after first build)"
+if [[ "${MODE}" == "build" ]]; then
+    echo "Force-building test image ${IMAGE} for ${PLATFORM}"
     docker buildx build \
     --progress=plain \
     --platform "${PLATFORM}" \
@@ -29,13 +43,33 @@ if [[ "${GFLOAT_LINUX386_REBUILD:-0}" == "1" ]] || ! docker image inspect "${IMA
     "${REPO_DIR}"
 fi
 
-docker run --rm \
---platform "${PLATFORM}" \
--v "${REPO_DIR}:/work" \
--w /work \
-"${IMAGE}" \
-bash -lc '
-    set -euo pipefail
-    export PYTHONPATH="/work/src${PYTHONPATH:+:${PYTHONPATH}}"
-    python -m pytest -vv test
-'
+if [[ "${MODE}" == "load" || "${MODE}" == "all" ]]; then
+    if ! docker image inspect "${IMAGE}" >/dev/null 2>&1; then
+        echo "Building test image ${IMAGE} for ${PLATFORM} (cached after first build)"
+        docker buildx build \
+        --progress=plain \
+        --platform "${PLATFORM}" \
+        --load \
+        -t "${IMAGE}" \
+        -f "${REPO_DIR}/${DOCKERFILE}" \
+        "${REPO_DIR}"
+    fi
+fi
+
+if [[ "${MODE}" == "run" || "${MODE}" == "all" ]]; then
+    if ! docker image inspect "${IMAGE}" >/dev/null 2>&1; then
+        echo "Image ${IMAGE} not found. Run 'bash etc/test-linux-386.sh load' first." >&2
+        exit 1
+    fi
+
+    docker run --rm \
+    --platform "${PLATFORM}" \
+    -v "${REPO_DIR}:/work" \
+    -w /work \
+    "${IMAGE}" \
+    bash -lc '
+        set -euo pipefail
+        export PYTHONPATH="/work/src${PYTHONPATH:+:${PYTHONPATH}}"
+        python -m pytest -vv test
+    '
+fi

From 646ef179ccf2754bdb13ae4c7900d5bd92a5320e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Andrew Fitzgibbon <awf@fitzgibbon.ie>
Date: Thu, 16 Apr 2026 10:15:05 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 07/12] Split linux/386 CI load/run and DRY buildx call

---
 .github/workflows/ci.yaml |  6 +++++-
 etc/test-linux-386.sh     | 26 ++++++++++++--------------
 2 files changed, 17 insertions(+), 15 deletions(-)

diff --git a/.github/workflows/ci.yaml b/.github/workflows/ci.yaml
index b56eb73..5fdbf97 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/ci.yaml
+++ b/.github/workflows/ci.yaml
@@ -69,9 +69,13 @@ jobs:
             docker load -i /tmp/gfloat-linux-386-image.tar
           fi
 
+      - name: Ensure linux/386 test image is available
+        run: |
+          bash etc/test-linux-386.sh load
+
       - name: Run full unit tests on linux/386
         run: |
-          bash etc/test-linux-386.sh
+          bash etc/test-linux-386.sh run
 
       - name: Save linux/386 docker image to cache path
         if: always()
diff --git a/etc/test-linux-386.sh b/etc/test-linux-386.sh
index 25b13dc..d2752fc 100644
--- a/etc/test-linux-386.sh
+++ b/etc/test-linux-386.sh
@@ -20,6 +20,16 @@ usage() {
     echo "  (no arg) Build image if missing, then run tests"
 }
 
+build_image() {
+    docker buildx build \
+    --progress=plain \
+    --platform "${PLATFORM}" \
+    --load \
+    -t "${IMAGE}" \
+    -f "${REPO_DIR}/${DOCKERFILE}" \
+    "${REPO_DIR}"
+}
+
 if [[ "${MODE}" != "all" && "${MODE}" != "load" && "${MODE}" != "build" && "${MODE}" != "run" ]]; then
     usage
     exit 2
@@ -34,25 +44,13 @@ fi
 
 if [[ "${MODE}" == "build" ]]; then
     echo "Force-building test image ${IMAGE} for ${PLATFORM}"
-    docker buildx build \
-    --progress=plain \
-    --platform "${PLATFORM}" \
-    --load \
-    -t "${IMAGE}" \
-    -f "${REPO_DIR}/${DOCKERFILE}" \
-    "${REPO_DIR}"
+    build_image
 fi
 
 if [[ "${MODE}" == "load" || "${MODE}" == "all" ]]; then
     if ! docker image inspect "${IMAGE}" >/dev/null 2>&1; then
         echo "Building test image ${IMAGE} for ${PLATFORM} (cached after first build)"
-        docker buildx build \
-        --progress=plain \
-        --platform "${PLATFORM}" \
-        --load \
-        -t "${IMAGE}" \
-        -f "${REPO_DIR}/${DOCKERFILE}" \
-        "${REPO_DIR}"
+        build_image
     fi
 fi
 

From af42ed5b1a5c83c1e9fe171376266a8966da7243 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Andrew Fitzgibbon <awf@fitzgibbon.ie>
Date: Thu, 16 Apr 2026 10:17:41 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 08/12] Factor linux/386 test run into helper

---
 etc/test-linux-386.sh | 26 +++++++++++++++-----------
 1 file changed, 15 insertions(+), 11 deletions(-)

diff --git a/etc/test-linux-386.sh b/etc/test-linux-386.sh
index d2752fc..4ef4632 100644
--- a/etc/test-linux-386.sh
+++ b/etc/test-linux-386.sh
@@ -30,6 +30,19 @@ build_image() {
     "${REPO_DIR}"
 }
 
+run_tests() {
+    docker run --rm \
+    --platform "${PLATFORM}" \
+    -v "${REPO_DIR}:/work" \
+    -w /work \
+    "${IMAGE}" \
+    bash -lc '
+        set -euo pipefail
+        export PYTHONPATH="/work/src${PYTHONPATH:+:${PYTHONPATH}}"
+        python -m pytest -vv test
+    '
+}
+
 if [[ "${MODE}" != "all" && "${MODE}" != "load" && "${MODE}" != "build" && "${MODE}" != "run" ]]; then
     usage
     exit 2
@@ -59,15 +72,6 @@ if [[ "${MODE}" == "run" || "${MODE}" == "all" ]]; then
         echo "Image ${IMAGE} not found. Run 'bash etc/test-linux-386.sh load' first." >&2
         exit 1
     fi
-
-    docker run --rm \
-    --platform "${PLATFORM}" \
-    -v "${REPO_DIR}:/work" \
-    -w /work \
-    "${IMAGE}" \
-    bash -lc '
-        set -euo pipefail
-        export PYTHONPATH="/work/src${PYTHONPATH:+:${PYTHONPATH}}"
-        python -m pytest -vv test
-    '
+    
+    run_tests
 fi

From 7f570948f2adfca77a04821304b63763134de6ca Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Andrew Fitzgibbon <awf@fitzgibbon.ie>
Date: Thu, 16 Apr 2026 10:42:24 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 09/12] pre-commit

---
 etc/test-linux-386.sh | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/etc/test-linux-386.sh b/etc/test-linux-386.sh
index 4ef4632..5517d47 100644
--- a/etc/test-linux-386.sh
+++ b/etc/test-linux-386.sh
@@ -72,6 +72,6 @@ if [[ "${MODE}" == "run" || "${MODE}" == "all" ]]; then
         echo "Image ${IMAGE} not found. Run 'bash etc/test-linux-386.sh load' first." >&2
         exit 1
     fi
-    
+
     run_tests
 fi

From 3a79f95f43b4e691aa5b610af14f3f5c257799bc Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Andrew Fitzgibbon <awf@fitzgibbon.ie>
Date: Thu, 16 Apr 2026 10:59:46 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 10/12] simplify pip

---
 etc/linux-386.Dockerfile | 14 +++-----------
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 11 deletions(-)

diff --git a/etc/linux-386.Dockerfile b/etc/linux-386.Dockerfile
index 053470d..6d07716 100644
--- a/etc/linux-386.Dockerfile
+++ b/etc/linux-386.Dockerfile
@@ -8,18 +8,10 @@ RUN apt-get update \
     && apt-get install -y --no-install-recommends build-essential \
     && rm -rf /var/lib/apt/lists/*
 
-RUN python -m pip install -U pip uv
-
-RUN NINJAFLAGS='-v' python -m pip install -v --no-cache-dir \
-    "numpy<2"
-
-RUN NINJAFLAGS='-v' UV_NO_PROGRESS=1 uv pip install -v --system \
-    psutil
-
 RUN NINJAFLAGS='-v' python -m pip install -v --no-build-isolation --no-cache-dir \
-    ml_dtypes
-
-RUN UV_NO_PROGRESS=1 uv pip install -v --system \
+    "numpy<2" \
+    psutil \
+    ml_dtypes \
     pytest \
     nbval \
     array-api-compat \

From 73b2397a580bf0ac1544ca723c36c4919fea7321 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Andrew Fitzgibbon <awf@fitzgibbon.ie>
Date: Thu, 16 Apr 2026 12:58:45 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 11/12] linux/386: install numpy before ml_dtypes build

---
 etc/linux-386.Dockerfile | 10 +++++++---
 1 file changed, 7 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/etc/linux-386.Dockerfile b/etc/linux-386.Dockerfile
index 6d07716..f6e96bc 100644
--- a/etc/linux-386.Dockerfile
+++ b/etc/linux-386.Dockerfile
@@ -8,10 +8,14 @@ RUN apt-get update \
     && apt-get install -y --no-install-recommends build-essential \
     && rm -rf /var/lib/apt/lists/*
 
-RUN NINJAFLAGS='-v' python -m pip install -v --no-build-isolation --no-cache-dir \
-    "numpy<2" \
+RUN NINJAFLAGS='-v' python -m pip install -v --no-cache-dir \
+    "numpy<2"
+
+RUN NINJAFLAGS='-v' python -m pip install -v --no-build-isolation --no-deps --no-cache-dir \
+    ml_dtypes
+
+RUN NINJAFLAGS='-v' python -m pip install -v --no-cache-dir \
     psutil \
-    ml_dtypes \
     pytest \
     nbval \
     array-api-compat \

From fce9215944392821df1ada8957082a4af8fad260 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Andrew Fitzgibbon <awf@fitzgibbon.ie>
Date: Thu, 16 Apr 2026 15:37:45 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 12/12] update doc

---
 BUILDING.md | 12 ++++++++----
 1 file changed, 8 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/BUILDING.md b/BUILDING.md
index ae334ad..6474f96 100644
--- a/BUILDING.md
+++ b/BUILDING.md
@@ -2,14 +2,16 @@
 
 ## BUILDING
 
-```
+```sh
 pip install -e .
 ( cd docs && make html )
 # Install packages for testing - will install JAX, Torch, etc.
 pip install -r requirements-dev.txt
 pytest .
+```
 
-# Run tests on 32-bit linux/386 in Docker
+To run tests on 32-bit linux/386 in Docker:
+```sh
 # Build image if missing, then run tests
 bash etc/test-linux-386.sh
 # Build image if missing
@@ -20,7 +22,9 @@ bash etc/test-linux-386.sh build
 bash etc/test-linux-386.sh run
 ```
 
-#### Pushing
-```
+#### Packaging for pypi release:
+
+Edit version number in
+```sh
 sh etc/package.sh
 ```