diff --git a/benchmarks/btreemap/canbench_results.yml b/benchmarks/btreemap/canbench_results.yml
index 2dabed3e..3b7bad04 100644
--- a/benchmarks/btreemap/canbench_results.yml
+++ b/benchmarks/btreemap/canbench_results.yml
@@ -2,1995 +2,1995 @@ benches:
   btreemap_v2_contains_10mib_values:
     total:
       calls: 1
-      instructions: 142210325
+      instructions: 18482246
       heap_increase: 0
       stable_memory_increase: 0
     scopes: {}
   btreemap_v2_contains_blob8_u64:
     total:
       calls: 1
-      instructions: 277134712
+      instructions: 187134264
       heap_increase: 0
       stable_memory_increase: 0
     scopes: {}
   btreemap_v2_contains_blob_1024_128:
     total:
       calls: 1
-      instructions: 4278312217
+      instructions: 2944793213
       heap_increase: 0
       stable_memory_increase: 0
     scopes: {}
   btreemap_v2_contains_blob_128_128:
     total:
       calls: 1
-      instructions: 819285681
+      instructions: 593610036
       heap_increase: 0
       stable_memory_increase: 0
     scopes: {}
   btreemap_v2_contains_blob_16_128:
     total:
       calls: 1
-      instructions: 293742975
+      instructions: 208606564
       heap_increase: 0
       stable_memory_increase: 0
     scopes: {}
   btreemap_v2_contains_blob_256_128:
     total:
       calls: 1
-      instructions: 1310685287
+      instructions: 954020425
       heap_increase: 0
       stable_memory_increase: 0
     scopes: {}
   btreemap_v2_contains_blob_32_0:
     total:
       calls: 1
-      instructions: 329571719
+      instructions: 245081366
       heap_increase: 0
       stable_memory_increase: 0
     scopes: {}
   btreemap_v2_contains_blob_32_1024:
     total:
       calls: 1
-      instructions: 326072097
+      instructions: 250000243
       heap_increase: 0
       stable_memory_increase: 0
     scopes: {}
   btreemap_v2_contains_blob_32_128:
     total:
       calls: 1
-      instructions: 326242314
+      instructions: 245033845
       heap_increase: 0
       stable_memory_increase: 0
     scopes: {}
   btreemap_v2_contains_blob_32_16:
     total:
       calls: 1
-      instructions: 318823973
+      instructions: 248238620
       heap_increase: 0
       stable_memory_increase: 0
     scopes: {}
   btreemap_v2_contains_blob_32_256:
     total:
       calls: 1
-      instructions: 324026367
+      instructions: 244881343
       heap_increase: 0
       stable_memory_increase: 0
     scopes: {}
   btreemap_v2_contains_blob_32_32:
     total:
       calls: 1
-      instructions: 330971981
+      instructions: 239674364
       heap_increase: 0
       stable_memory_increase: 0
     scopes: {}
   btreemap_v2_contains_blob_32_4:
     total:
       calls: 1
-      instructions: 323046095
+      instructions: 240914992
       heap_increase: 0
       stable_memory_increase: 0
     scopes: {}
   btreemap_v2_contains_blob_32_512:
     total:
       calls: 1
-      instructions: 321643229
+      instructions: 251689217
       heap_increase: 0
       stable_memory_increase: 0
     scopes: {}
   btreemap_v2_contains_blob_32_64:
     total:
       calls: 1
-      instructions: 324885334
+      instructions: 240249301
       heap_increase: 0
       stable_memory_increase: 0
     scopes: {}
   btreemap_v2_contains_blob_32_8:
     total:
       calls: 1
-      instructions: 324308878
+      instructions: 232365837
       heap_increase: 0
       stable_memory_increase: 0
     scopes: {}
   btreemap_v2_contains_blob_4_128:
     total:
       calls: 1
-      instructions: 243884967
+      instructions: 140689668
       heap_increase: 0
       stable_memory_increase: 0
     scopes: {}
   btreemap_v2_contains_blob_512_128:
     total:
       calls: 1
-      instructions: 2281494289
+      instructions: 1654903502
       heap_increase: 0
       stable_memory_increase: 0
     scopes: {}
   btreemap_v2_contains_blob_64_128:
     total:
       calls: 1
-      instructions: 403270584
+      instructions: 335668696
       heap_increase: 0
       stable_memory_increase: 0
     scopes: {}
   btreemap_v2_contains_blob_8_128:
     total:
       calls: 1
-      instructions: 268086207
+      instructions: 181444347
       heap_increase: 0
       stable_memory_increase: 0
     scopes: {}
   btreemap_v2_contains_principal:
     total:
       calls: 1
-      instructions: 349062610
+      instructions: 246048227
       heap_increase: 0
       stable_memory_increase: 0
     scopes: {}
   btreemap_v2_contains_u64_blob8:
     total:
       calls: 1
-      instructions: 219629119
+      instructions: 164479574
       heap_increase: 0
       stable_memory_increase: 0
     scopes: {}
   btreemap_v2_contains_u64_u64:
     total:
       calls: 1
-      instructions: 223284326
+      instructions: 162143395
       heap_increase: 0
       stable_memory_increase: 0
     scopes: {}
   btreemap_v2_contains_u64_vec8:
     total:
       calls: 1
-      instructions: 219629119
+      instructions: 156091162
       heap_increase: 0
       stable_memory_increase: 0
     scopes: {}
   btreemap_v2_contains_vec8_u64:
     total:
       calls: 1
-      instructions: 374095890
+      instructions: 235566587
       heap_increase: 0
       stable_memory_increase: 0
     scopes: {}
   btreemap_v2_contains_vec_1024_128:
     total:
       calls: 1
-      instructions: 1817385622
+      instructions: 1411128152
       heap_increase: 0
       stable_memory_increase: 0
     scopes: {}
   btreemap_v2_contains_vec_128_128:
     total:
       calls: 1
-      instructions: 568150650
+      instructions: 422459377
       heap_increase: 0
       stable_memory_increase: 0
     scopes: {}
   btreemap_v2_contains_vec_16_128:
     total:
       calls: 1
-      instructions: 442851826
+      instructions: 270172403
       heap_increase: 0
       stable_memory_increase: 0
     scopes: {}
   btreemap_v2_contains_vec_256_128:
     total:
       calls: 1
-      instructions: 896432175
+      instructions: 651860288
       heap_increase: 0
       stable_memory_increase: 0
     scopes: {}
   btreemap_v2_contains_vec_32_0:
     total:
       calls: 1
-      instructions: 355321635
+      instructions: 279005799
       heap_increase: 0
       stable_memory_increase: 0
     scopes: {}
   btreemap_v2_contains_vec_32_1024:
     total:
       calls: 1
-      instructions: 520527229
+      instructions: 367350171
       heap_increase: 0
       stable_memory_increase: 0
     scopes: {}
   btreemap_v2_contains_vec_32_128:
     total:
       calls: 1
-      instructions: 428325937
+      instructions: 289854465
       heap_increase: 0
       stable_memory_increase: 0
     scopes: {}
   btreemap_v2_contains_vec_32_16:
     total:
       calls: 1
-      instructions: 367802150
+      instructions: 299011462
       heap_increase: 0
       stable_memory_increase: 0
     scopes: {}
   btreemap_v2_contains_vec_32_256:
     total:
       calls: 1
-      instructions: 433045196
+      instructions: 305570848
       heap_increase: 0
       stable_memory_increase: 0
     scopes: {}
   btreemap_v2_contains_vec_32_32:
     total:
       calls: 1
-      instructions: 355276471
+      instructions: 274242434
       heap_increase: 0
       stable_memory_increase: 0
     scopes: {}
   btreemap_v2_contains_vec_32_4:
     total:
       calls: 1
-      instructions: 352561298
+      instructions: 259363022
       heap_increase: 0
       stable_memory_increase: 0
     scopes: {}
   btreemap_v2_contains_vec_32_512:
     total:
       calls: 1
-      instructions: 454924839
+      instructions: 335551833
       heap_increase: 0
       stable_memory_increase: 0
     scopes: {}
   btreemap_v2_contains_vec_32_64:
     total:
       calls: 1
-      instructions: 398356880
+      instructions: 274925035
       heap_increase: 0
       stable_memory_increase: 0
     scopes: {}
   btreemap_v2_contains_vec_32_8:
     total:
       calls: 1
-      instructions: 352626675
+      instructions: 263351649
       heap_increase: 0
       stable_memory_increase: 0
     scopes: {}
   btreemap_v2_contains_vec_4_128:
     total:
       calls: 1
-      instructions: 404252150
+      instructions: 188215138
       heap_increase: 0
       stable_memory_increase: 0
     scopes: {}
   btreemap_v2_contains_vec_512_128:
     total:
       calls: 1
-      instructions: 1246829046
+      instructions: 1030147142
       heap_increase: 0
       stable_memory_increase: 0
     scopes: {}
   btreemap_v2_contains_vec_64_128:
     total:
       calls: 1
-      instructions: 493185629
+      instructions: 338667333
       heap_increase: 0
       stable_memory_increase: 0
     scopes: {}
   btreemap_v2_contains_vec_8_128:
     total:
       calls: 1
-      instructions: 396603085
+      instructions: 265935955
       heap_increase: 0
       stable_memory_increase: 0
     scopes: {}
   btreemap_v2_get_10mib_values:
     total:
       calls: 1
-      instructions: 388592804
+      instructions: 264852503
       heap_increase: 0
       stable_memory_increase: 0
     scopes: {}
   btreemap_v2_get_blob8_u64:
     total:
       calls: 1
-      instructions: 299599641
+      instructions: 191789628
       heap_increase: 0
       stable_memory_increase: 0
     scopes: {}
   btreemap_v2_get_blob_1024_128:
     total:
       calls: 1
-      instructions: 4457685507
+      instructions: 2949582090
       heap_increase: 0
       stable_memory_increase: 0
     scopes: {}
   btreemap_v2_get_blob_128_128:
     total:
       calls: 1
-      instructions: 855273807
+      instructions: 598652637
       heap_increase: 0
       stable_memory_increase: 0
     scopes: {}
   btreemap_v2_get_blob_16_128:
     total:
       calls: 1
-      instructions: 308463753
+      instructions: 213183160
       heap_increase: 0
       stable_memory_increase: 0
     scopes: {}
   btreemap_v2_get_blob_256_128:
     total:
       calls: 1
-      instructions: 1367052477
+      instructions: 959136408
       heap_increase: 0
       stable_memory_increase: 0
     scopes: {}
   btreemap_v2_get_blob_32_0:
     total:
       calls: 1
-      instructions: 337429950
+      instructions: 246791396
       heap_increase: 0
       stable_memory_increase: 0
     scopes: {}
   btreemap_v2_get_blob_32_1024:
     total:
       calls: 1
-      instructions: 350508333
+      instructions: 262155839
       heap_increase: 0
       stable_memory_increase: 0
     scopes: {}
   btreemap_v2_get_blob_32_128:
     total:
       calls: 1
-      instructions: 341653262
+      instructions: 249713118
       heap_increase: 0
       stable_memory_increase: 0
     scopes: {}
   btreemap_v2_get_blob_32_16:
     total:
       calls: 1
-      instructions: 330651190
+      instructions: 252469161
       heap_increase: 0
       stable_memory_increase: 0
     scopes: {}
   btreemap_v2_get_blob_32_256:
     total:
       calls: 1
-      instructions: 342643724
+      instructions: 249642209
       heap_increase: 0
       stable_memory_increase: 0
     scopes: {}
   btreemap_v2_get_blob_32_32:
     total:
       calls: 1
-      instructions: 342697250
+      instructions: 244211211
       heap_increase: 0
       stable_memory_increase: 0
     scopes: {}
   btreemap_v2_get_blob_32_4:
     total:
       calls: 1
-      instructions: 334169026
+      instructions: 244667235
       heap_increase: 0
       stable_memory_increase: 0
     scopes: {}
   btreemap_v2_get_blob_32_512:
     total:
       calls: 1
-      instructions: 342695399
+      instructions: 260114935
       heap_increase: 0
       stable_memory_increase: 0
     scopes: {}
   btreemap_v2_get_blob_32_64:
     total:
       calls: 1
-      instructions: 336813935
+      instructions: 245062558
       heap_increase: 0
       stable_memory_increase: 0
     scopes: {}
   btreemap_v2_get_blob_32_8:
     total:
       calls: 1
-      instructions: 335925065
+      instructions: 236673028
       heap_increase: 0
       stable_memory_increase: 0
     scopes: {}
   btreemap_v2_get_blob_4_128:
     total:
       calls: 1
-      instructions: 254906111
+      instructions: 145902230
       heap_increase: 0
       stable_memory_increase: 0
     scopes: {}
   btreemap_v2_get_blob_512_128:
     total:
       calls: 1
-      instructions: 2378828514
+      instructions: 1659900963
       heap_increase: 0
       stable_memory_increase: 0
     scopes: {}
   btreemap_v2_get_blob_64_128:
     total:
       calls: 1
-      instructions: 428744853
+      instructions: 340703803
       heap_increase: 0
       stable_memory_increase: 0
     scopes: {}
   btreemap_v2_get_blob_8_128:
     total:
       calls: 1
-      instructions: 279716343
+      instructions: 186605640
       heap_increase: 0
       stable_memory_increase: 0
     scopes: {}
   btreemap_v2_get_principal:
     total:
       calls: 1
-      instructions: 356428202
+      instructions: 247908954
       heap_increase: 0
       stable_memory_increase: 0
     scopes: {}
   btreemap_v2_get_u64_blob8:
     total:
       calls: 1
-      instructions: 226446414
+      instructions: 168727516
       heap_increase: 0
       stable_memory_increase: 0
     scopes: {}
   btreemap_v2_get_u64_u64:
     total:
       calls: 1
-      instructions: 230534752
+      instructions: 166767421
       heap_increase: 0
       stable_memory_increase: 0
     scopes: {}
   btreemap_v2_get_u64_vec8:
     total:
       calls: 1
-      instructions: 226935610
+      instructions: 160616939
       heap_increase: 0
       stable_memory_increase: 0
     scopes: {}
   btreemap_v2_get_vec8_u64:
     total:
       calls: 1
-      instructions: 379651663
+      instructions: 242543353
       heap_increase: 0
       stable_memory_increase: 0
     scopes: {}
   btreemap_v2_get_vec_1024_128:
     total:
       calls: 1
-      instructions: 1870806515
+      instructions: 1416718089
       heap_increase: 0
       stable_memory_increase: 0
     scopes: {}
   btreemap_v2_get_vec_128_128:
     total:
       calls: 1
-      instructions: 577227038
+      instructions: 430310829
       heap_increase: 0
       stable_memory_increase: 0
     scopes: {}
   btreemap_v2_get_vec_16_128:
     total:
       calls: 1
-      instructions: 449737724
+      instructions: 276488750
       heap_increase: 0
       stable_memory_increase: 0
     scopes: {}
   btreemap_v2_get_vec_256_128:
     total:
       calls: 1
-      instructions: 905669607
+      instructions: 659832382
       heap_increase: 0
       stable_memory_increase: 0
     scopes: {}
   btreemap_v2_get_vec_32_0:
     total:
       calls: 1
-      instructions: 358216658
+      instructions: 280844485
       heap_increase: 0
       stable_memory_increase: 0
     scopes: {}
   btreemap_v2_get_vec_32_1024:
     total:
       calls: 1
-      instructions: 544469486
+      instructions: 390484640
       heap_increase: 0
       stable_memory_increase: 0
     scopes: {}
   btreemap_v2_get_vec_32_128:
     total:
       calls: 1
-      instructions: 436037967
+      instructions: 296353403
       heap_increase: 0
       stable_memory_increase: 0
     scopes: {}
   btreemap_v2_get_vec_32_16:
     total:
       calls: 1
-      instructions: 373713570
+      instructions: 303369246
       heap_increase: 0
       stable_memory_increase: 0
     scopes: {}
   btreemap_v2_get_vec_32_256:
     total:
       calls: 1
-      instructions: 447151619
+      instructions: 318446833
       heap_increase: 0
       stable_memory_increase: 0
     scopes: {}
   btreemap_v2_get_vec_32_32:
     total:
       calls: 1
-      instructions: 361330699
+      instructions: 278805184
       heap_increase: 0
       stable_memory_increase: 0
     scopes: {}
   btreemap_v2_get_vec_32_4:
     total:
       calls: 1
-      instructions: 358348309
+      instructions: 263912722
       heap_increase: 0
       stable_memory_increase: 0
     scopes: {}
   btreemap_v2_get_vec_32_512:
     total:
       calls: 1
-      instructions: 472992093
+      instructions: 348597169
       heap_increase: 0
       stable_memory_increase: 0
     scopes: {}
   btreemap_v2_get_vec_32_64:
     total:
       calls: 1
-      instructions: 404811886
+      instructions: 279830023
       heap_increase: 0
       stable_memory_increase: 0
     scopes: {}
   btreemap_v2_get_vec_32_8:
     total:
       calls: 1
-      instructions: 358456622
+      instructions: 267935659
       heap_increase: 0
       stable_memory_increase: 0
     scopes: {}
   btreemap_v2_get_vec_4_128:
     total:
       calls: 1
-      instructions: 411151875
+      instructions: 194386813
       heap_increase: 0
       stable_memory_increase: 0
     scopes: {}
   btreemap_v2_get_vec_512_128:
     total:
       calls: 1
-      instructions: 1256149861
+      instructions: 1038168776
       heap_increase: 0
       stable_memory_increase: 0
     scopes: {}
   btreemap_v2_get_vec_64_128:
     total:
       calls: 1
-      instructions: 501687251
+      instructions: 345747166
       heap_increase: 0
       stable_memory_increase: 0
     scopes: {}
   btreemap_v2_get_vec_8_128:
     total:
       calls: 1
-      instructions: 403496154
+      instructions: 272139935
       heap_increase: 0
       stable_memory_increase: 0
     scopes: {}
   btreemap_v2_insert_10mib_values:
     total:
       calls: 1
-      instructions: 4388592719
+      instructions: 4387227618
       heap_increase: 161
       stable_memory_increase: 3613
     scopes: {}
   btreemap_v2_insert_blob8_u64:
     total:
       calls: 1
-      instructions: 436633391
+      instructions: 437168425
       heap_increase: 0
       stable_memory_increase: 4
     scopes: {}
   btreemap_v2_insert_blob_1024_128:
     total:
       calls: 1
-      instructions: 5496222167
+      instructions: 5496782790
       heap_increase: 0
       stable_memory_increase: 196
     scopes: {}
   btreemap_v2_insert_blob_128_128:
     total:
       calls: 1
-      instructions: 1180838234
+      instructions: 1181402069
       heap_increase: 0
       stable_memory_increase: 46
     scopes: {}
   btreemap_v2_insert_blob_16_128:
     total:
       calls: 1
-      instructions: 486249812
+      instructions: 486798371
       heap_increase: 0
       stable_memory_increase: 24
     scopes: {}
   btreemap_v2_insert_blob_256_128:
     total:
       calls: 1
-      instructions: 1789038066
+      instructions: 1789598954
       heap_increase: 0
       stable_memory_increase: 67
     scopes: {}
   btreemap_v2_insert_blob_32_0:
     total:
       calls: 1
-      instructions: 490459106
+      instructions: 491017189
       heap_increase: 0
       stable_memory_increase: 8
     scopes: {}
   btreemap_v2_insert_blob_32_1024:
     total:
       calls: 1
-      instructions: 703500065
+      instructions: 704055034
       heap_increase: 0
       stable_memory_increase: 173
     scopes: {}
   btreemap_v2_insert_blob_32_128:
     total:
       calls: 1
-      instructions: 542568143
+      instructions: 543121105
       heap_increase: 0
       stable_memory_increase: 28
     scopes: {}
   btreemap_v2_insert_blob_32_16:
     total:
       calls: 1
-      instructions: 519117156
+      instructions: 519674235
       heap_increase: 0
       stable_memory_increase: 11
     scopes: {}
   btreemap_v2_insert_blob_32_256:
     total:
       calls: 1
-      instructions: 570690137
+      instructions: 571247103
       heap_increase: 0
       stable_memory_increase: 49
     scopes: {}
   btreemap_v2_insert_blob_32_32:
     total:
       calls: 1
-      instructions: 528951192
+      instructions: 529508588
       heap_increase: 0
       stable_memory_increase: 13
     scopes: {}
   btreemap_v2_insert_blob_32_4:
     total:
       calls: 1
-      instructions: 509380036
+      instructions: 509936102
       heap_increase: 0
       stable_memory_increase: 8
     scopes: {}
   btreemap_v2_insert_blob_32_512:
     total:
       calls: 1
-      instructions: 610063051
+      instructions: 610619295
       heap_increase: 0
       stable_memory_increase: 91
     scopes: {}
   btreemap_v2_insert_blob_32_64:
     total:
       calls: 1
-      instructions: 534921249
+      instructions: 535476147
       heap_increase: 0
       stable_memory_increase: 18
     scopes: {}
   btreemap_v2_insert_blob_32_8:
     total:
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-      instructions: 860879651
+      instructions: 861924147
       heap_increase: 0
       stable_memory_increase: 0
     scopes: {}
   btreemap_v2_pop_last_blob_32_32:
     total:
       calls: 1
-      instructions: 775936416
+      instructions: 776964692
       heap_increase: 0
       stable_memory_increase: 0
     scopes: {}
   btreemap_v2_pop_last_blob_32_4:
     total:
       calls: 1
-      instructions: 755124599
+      instructions: 756161526
       heap_increase: 0
       stable_memory_increase: 0
     scopes: {}
   btreemap_v2_pop_last_blob_32_512:
     total:
       calls: 1
-      instructions: 932320719
+      instructions: 933359777
       heap_increase: 0
       stable_memory_increase: 0
     scopes: {}
   btreemap_v2_pop_last_blob_32_64:
     total:
       calls: 1
-      instructions: 791545690
+      instructions: 792576883
       heap_increase: 0
       stable_memory_increase: 0
     scopes: {}
   btreemap_v2_pop_last_blob_32_8:
     total:
       calls: 1
-      instructions: 768161716
+      instructions: 769213912
       heap_increase: 0
       stable_memory_increase: 0
     scopes: {}
   btreemap_v2_pop_last_blob_4_128:
     total:
       calls: 1
-      instructions: 357885021
+      instructions: 358500576
       heap_increase: 0
       stable_memory_increase: 0
     scopes: {}
   btreemap_v2_pop_last_blob_512_128:
     total:
       calls: 1
-      instructions: 4444567386
+      instructions: 4445668424
       heap_increase: 0
       stable_memory_increase: 0
     scopes: {}
   btreemap_v2_pop_last_blob_64_128:
     total:
       calls: 1
-      instructions: 999738711
+      instructions: 1000823636
       heap_increase: 0
       stable_memory_increase: 0
     scopes: {}
   btreemap_v2_pop_last_blob_8_128:
     total:
       calls: 1
-      instructions: 598942864
+      instructions: 599823615
       heap_increase: 0
       stable_memory_increase: 0
     scopes: {}
   btreemap_v2_pop_last_principal:
     total:
       calls: 1
-      instructions: 780291969
+      instructions: 781329628
       heap_increase: 0
       stable_memory_increase: 0
     scopes: {}
   btreemap_v2_pop_last_u64_blob8:
     total:
       calls: 1
-      instructions: 645812582
+      instructions: 647012138
       heap_increase: 0
       stable_memory_increase: 0
     scopes: {}
   btreemap_v2_pop_last_u64_u64:
     total:
       calls: 1
-      instructions: 657455588
+      instructions: 658657268
       heap_increase: 0
       stable_memory_increase: 0
     scopes: {}
   btreemap_v2_pop_last_u64_vec8:
     total:
       calls: 1
-      instructions: 648268033
+      instructions: 649468860
       heap_increase: 0
       stable_memory_increase: 0
     scopes: {}
   btreemap_v2_pop_last_vec8_u64:
     total:
       calls: 1
-      instructions: 759547094
+      instructions: 759681953
       heap_increase: 0
       stable_memory_increase: 0
     scopes: {}
   btreemap_v2_pop_last_vec_1024_128:
     total:
       calls: 1
-      instructions: 4254818123
+      instructions: 4255809727
       heap_increase: 0
       stable_memory_increase: 0
     scopes: {}
   btreemap_v2_pop_last_vec_128_128:
     total:
       calls: 1
-      instructions: 1509650210
+      instructions: 1510715380
       heap_increase: 0
       stable_memory_increase: 0
     scopes: {}
   btreemap_v2_pop_last_vec_16_128:
     total:
       calls: 1
-      instructions: 1006125814
+      instructions: 1007100483
       heap_increase: 0
       stable_memory_increase: 0
     scopes: {}
   btreemap_v2_pop_last_vec_256_128:
     total:
       calls: 1
-      instructions: 2073363853
+      instructions: 2074400177
       heap_increase: 0
       stable_memory_increase: 0
     scopes: {}
   btreemap_v2_pop_last_vec_32_0:
     total:
       calls: 1
-      instructions: 846109662
+      instructions: 846241612
       heap_increase: 0
       stable_memory_increase: 0
     scopes: {}
   btreemap_v2_pop_last_vec_32_1024:
     total:
       calls: 1
-      instructions: 1664437667
+      instructions: 1664491218
       heap_increase: 0
       stable_memory_increase: 0
     scopes: {}
   btreemap_v2_pop_last_vec_32_128:
     total:
       calls: 1
-      instructions: 1064611264
+      instructions: 1064748196
       heap_increase: 0
       stable_memory_increase: 0
     scopes: {}
   btreemap_v2_pop_last_vec_32_16:
     total:
       calls: 1
-      instructions: 902974455
+      instructions: 903112288
       heap_increase: 0
       stable_memory_increase: 0
     scopes: {}
   btreemap_v2_pop_last_vec_32_256:
     total:
       calls: 1
-      instructions: 1193452039
+      instructions: 1193583640
       heap_increase: 0
       stable_memory_increase: 0
     scopes: {}
   btreemap_v2_pop_last_vec_32_32:
     total:
       calls: 1
-      instructions: 910490347
+      instructions: 910624308
       heap_increase: 0
       stable_memory_increase: 0
     scopes: {}
   btreemap_v2_pop_last_vec_32_4:
     total:
       calls: 1
-      instructions: 898985596
+      instructions: 899125898
       heap_increase: 0
       stable_memory_increase: 0
     scopes: {}
   btreemap_v2_pop_last_vec_32_512:
     total:
       calls: 1
-      instructions: 1356914135
+      instructions: 1357006105
       heap_increase: 0
       stable_memory_increase: 0
     scopes: {}
   btreemap_v2_pop_last_vec_32_64:
     total:
       calls: 1
-      instructions: 949782755
+      instructions: 949913494
       heap_increase: 0
       stable_memory_increase: 0
     scopes: {}
   btreemap_v2_pop_last_vec_32_8:
     total:
       calls: 1
-      instructions: 902473492
+      instructions: 902629600
       heap_increase: 0
       stable_memory_increase: 0
     scopes: {}
   btreemap_v2_pop_last_vec_4_128:
     total:
       calls: 1
-      instructions: 527064939
+      instructions: 527629807
       heap_increase: 0
       stable_memory_increase: 0
     scopes: {}
   btreemap_v2_pop_last_vec_512_128:
     total:
       calls: 1
-      instructions: 2808165041
+      instructions: 2808260663
       heap_increase: 0
       stable_memory_increase: 0
     scopes: {}
   btreemap_v2_pop_last_vec_64_128:
     total:
       calls: 1
-      instructions: 1220824533
+      instructions: 1221864433
       heap_increase: 0
       stable_memory_increase: 0
     scopes: {}
   btreemap_v2_pop_last_vec_8_128:
     total:
       calls: 1
-      instructions: 850619579
+      instructions: 850726825
       heap_increase: 0
       stable_memory_increase: 0
     scopes: {}
   btreemap_v2_range_count_1k_0b:
     total:
       calls: 1
-      instructions: 16962
+      instructions: 16964
       heap_increase: 0
       stable_memory_increase: 0
     scopes: {}
   btreemap_v2_range_count_1k_10kib:
     total:
       calls: 1
-      instructions: 2507196
+      instructions: 2507198
       heap_increase: 0
       stable_memory_increase: 0
     scopes: {}
   btreemap_v2_range_count_20_10mib:
     total:
       calls: 1
-      instructions: 18468765
+      instructions: 18468767
       heap_increase: 0
       stable_memory_increase: 0
     scopes: {}
   btreemap_v2_range_key_sum_1k_0b:
     total:
       calls: 1
-      instructions: 16933
+      instructions: 16935
       heap_increase: 0
       stable_memory_increase: 0
     scopes: {}
   btreemap_v2_range_key_sum_1k_10kib:
     total:
       calls: 1
-      instructions: 2572994
+      instructions: 2572996
       heap_increase: 0
       stable_memory_increase: 0
     scopes: {}
   btreemap_v2_range_key_sum_20_10mib:
     total:
       calls: 1
-      instructions: 18469999
+      instructions: 18470001
       heap_increase: 0
       stable_memory_increase: 0
     scopes: {}
   btreemap_v2_range_value_sum_1k_0b:
     total:
       calls: 1
-      instructions: 17300
+      instructions: 17302
       heap_increase: 0
       stable_memory_increase: 0
     scopes: {}
   btreemap_v2_range_value_sum_1k_10kib:
     total:
       calls: 1
-      instructions: 20668618
+      instructions: 20668620
       heap_increase: 0
       stable_memory_increase: 0
     scopes: {}
   btreemap_v2_range_value_sum_20_10mib:
     total:
       calls: 1
-      instructions: 398305226
+      instructions: 398305228
       heap_increase: 0
       stable_memory_increase: 0
     scopes: {}
   btreemap_v2_remove_10mib_values:
     total:
       calls: 1
-      instructions: 4711118385
+      instructions: 4709567410
       heap_increase: 0
       stable_memory_increase: 657
     scopes: {}
   btreemap_v2_remove_blob8_u64:
     total:
       calls: 1
-      instructions: 584636969
+      instructions: 585830278
       heap_increase: 0
       stable_memory_increase: 0
     scopes: {}
   btreemap_v2_remove_blob_1024_128:
     total:
       calls: 1
-      instructions: 7363800309
+      instructions: 7365191131
       heap_increase: 0
       stable_memory_increase: 0
     scopes: {}
   btreemap_v2_remove_blob_128_128:
     total:
       calls: 1
-      instructions: 1588756329
+      instructions: 1590127722
       heap_increase: 0
       stable_memory_increase: 0
     scopes: {}
   btreemap_v2_remove_blob_16_128:
     total:
       calls: 1
-      instructions: 665337905
+      instructions: 666633118
       heap_increase: 0
       stable_memory_increase: 0
     scopes: {}
   btreemap_v2_remove_blob_256_128:
     total:
       calls: 1
-      instructions: 2421697300
+      instructions: 2423069262
       heap_increase: 0
       stable_memory_increase: 0
     scopes: {}
   btreemap_v2_remove_blob_32_0:
     total:
       calls: 1
-      instructions: 654250005
+      instructions: 655578571
       heap_increase: 0
       stable_memory_increase: 0
     scopes: {}
   btreemap_v2_remove_blob_32_1024:
     total:
       calls: 1
-      instructions: 985325869
+      instructions: 986632504
       heap_increase: 0
       stable_memory_increase: 0
     scopes: {}
   btreemap_v2_remove_blob_32_128:
     total:
       calls: 1
-      instructions: 746608890
+      instructions: 747912442
       heap_increase: 0
       stable_memory_increase: 0
     scopes: {}
   btreemap_v2_remove_blob_32_16:
     total:
       calls: 1
-      instructions: 700059994
+      instructions: 701357690
       heap_increase: 0
       stable_memory_increase: 0
     scopes: {}
   btreemap_v2_remove_blob_32_256:
     total:
       calls: 1
-      instructions: 784125701
+      instructions: 785430027
       heap_increase: 0
       stable_memory_increase: 0
     scopes: {}
   btreemap_v2_remove_blob_32_32:
     total:
       calls: 1
-      instructions: 711919498
+      instructions: 713229366
       heap_increase: 0
       stable_memory_increase: 0
     scopes: {}
   btreemap_v2_remove_blob_32_4:
     total:
       calls: 1
-      instructions: 696214241
+      instructions: 697546995
       heap_increase: 0
       stable_memory_increase: 0
     scopes: {}
   btreemap_v2_remove_blob_32_512:
     total:
       calls: 1
-      instructions: 857936684
+      instructions: 859266737
       heap_increase: 0
       stable_memory_increase: 0
     scopes: {}
   btreemap_v2_remove_blob_32_64:
     total:
       calls: 1
-      instructions: 737074307
+      instructions: 738432503
       heap_increase: 0
       stable_memory_increase: 0
     scopes: {}
   btreemap_v2_remove_blob_32_8:
     total:
       calls: 1
-      instructions: 696057915
+      instructions: 697351398
       heap_increase: 0
       stable_memory_increase: 0
     scopes: {}
   btreemap_v2_remove_blob_4_128:
     total:
       calls: 1
-      instructions: 452857933
+      instructions: 453656380
       heap_increase: 0
       stable_memory_increase: 0
     scopes: {}
   btreemap_v2_remove_blob_512_128:
     total:
       calls: 1
-      instructions: 4071507249
+      instructions: 4072899827
       heap_increase: 0
       stable_memory_increase: 0
     scopes: {}
   btreemap_v2_remove_blob_64_128:
     total:
       calls: 1
-      instructions: 910052271
+      instructions: 911363849
       heap_increase: 0
       stable_memory_increase: 0
     scopes: {}
   btreemap_v2_remove_blob_8_128:
     total:
       calls: 1
-      instructions: 599299651
+      instructions: 600505934
       heap_increase: 0
       stable_memory_increase: 0
     scopes: {}
   btreemap_v2_remove_principal:
     total:
       calls: 1
-      instructions: 684159422
+      instructions: 685512541
       heap_increase: 0
       stable_memory_increase: 0
     scopes: {}
   btreemap_v2_remove_u64_blob8:
     total:
       calls: 1
-      instructions: 566079913
+      instructions: 567518806
       heap_increase: 0
       stable_memory_increase: 0
     scopes: {}
   btreemap_v2_remove_u64_u64:
     total:
       calls: 1
-      instructions: 586718731
+      instructions: 588171920
       heap_increase: 0
       stable_memory_increase: 0
     scopes: {}
   btreemap_v2_remove_u64_vec8:
     total:
       calls: 1
-      instructions: 571366355
+      instructions: 572786465
       heap_increase: 0
       stable_memory_increase: 0
     scopes: {}
   btreemap_v2_remove_vec8_u64:
     total:
       calls: 1
-      instructions: 755823918
+      instructions: 756048064
       heap_increase: 0
       stable_memory_increase: 0
     scopes: {}
   btreemap_v2_remove_vec_1024_128:
     total:
       calls: 1
-      instructions: 4475943466
+      instructions: 4477187214
       heap_increase: 0
       stable_memory_increase: 0
     scopes: {}
   btreemap_v2_remove_vec_128_128:
     total:
       calls: 1
-      instructions: 1418213214
+      instructions: 1419538762
       heap_increase: 0
       stable_memory_increase: 0
     scopes: {}
   btreemap_v2_remove_vec_16_128:
     total:
       calls: 1
-      instructions: 921111290
+      instructions: 922396009
       heap_increase: 0
       stable_memory_increase: 0
     scopes: {}
   btreemap_v2_remove_vec_256_128:
     total:
       calls: 1
-      instructions: 2244668594
+      instructions: 2245931148
       heap_increase: 0
       stable_memory_increase: 0
     scopes: {}
   btreemap_v2_remove_vec_32_0:
     total:
       calls: 1
-      instructions: 834330028
+      instructions: 834665077
       heap_increase: 0
       stable_memory_increase: 0
     scopes: {}
   btreemap_v2_remove_vec_32_1024:
     total:
       calls: 1
-      instructions: 1701563272
+      instructions: 1701754536
       heap_increase: 0
       stable_memory_increase: 0
     scopes: {}
   btreemap_v2_remove_vec_32_128:
     total:
       calls: 1
-      instructions: 1036968514
+      instructions: 1037240444
       heap_increase: 0
       stable_memory_increase: 0
     scopes: {}
   btreemap_v2_remove_vec_32_16:
     total:
       calls: 1
-      instructions: 871328883
+      instructions: 871626827
       heap_increase: 0
       stable_memory_increase: 0
     scopes: {}
   btreemap_v2_remove_vec_32_256:
     total:
       calls: 1
-      instructions: 1240176546
+      instructions: 1240476802
       heap_increase: 0
       stable_memory_increase: 0
     scopes: {}
   btreemap_v2_remove_vec_32_32:
     total:
       calls: 1
-      instructions: 867569469
+      instructions: 867877637
       heap_increase: 0
       stable_memory_increase: 0
     scopes: {}
   btreemap_v2_remove_vec_32_4:
     total:
       calls: 1
-      instructions: 862147420
+      instructions: 862483197
       heap_increase: 0
       stable_memory_increase: 0
     scopes: {}
   btreemap_v2_remove_vec_32_512:
     total:
       calls: 1
-      instructions: 1405971132
+      instructions: 1406217953
       heap_increase: 0
       stable_memory_increase: 0
     scopes: {}
   btreemap_v2_remove_vec_32_64:
     total:
       calls: 1
-      instructions: 968312981
+      instructions: 968659703
       heap_increase: 0
       stable_memory_increase: 0
     scopes: {}
   btreemap_v2_remove_vec_32_8:
     total:
       calls: 1
-      instructions: 856477157
+      instructions: 856782328
       heap_increase: 0
       stable_memory_increase: 0
     scopes: {}
   btreemap_v2_remove_vec_4_128:
     total:
       calls: 1
-      instructions: 662121914
+      instructions: 662867447
       heap_increase: 0
       stable_memory_increase: 0
     scopes: {}
   btreemap_v2_remove_vec_512_128:
     total:
       calls: 1
-      instructions: 3082706271
+      instructions: 3083022222
       heap_increase: 0
       stable_memory_increase: 0
     scopes: {}
   btreemap_v2_remove_vec_64_128:
     total:
       calls: 1
-      instructions: 1183958569
+      instructions: 1185217898
       heap_increase: 0
       stable_memory_increase: 0
     scopes: {}
   btreemap_v2_remove_vec_8_128:
     total:
       calls: 1
-      instructions: 821774415
+      instructions: 821944350
       heap_increase: 0
       stable_memory_increase: 0
     scopes: {}
diff --git a/benchmarks/btreeset/canbench_results.yml b/benchmarks/btreeset/canbench_results.yml
index 8c79367a..b58fd1b1 100644
--- a/benchmarks/btreeset/canbench_results.yml
+++ b/benchmarks/btreeset/canbench_results.yml
@@ -2,70 +2,70 @@ benches:
   btreeset_insert_blob_1024:
     total:
       calls: 1
-      instructions: 7265892372
+      instructions: 7266733124
       heap_increase: 1
       stable_memory_increase: 256
     scopes: {}
   btreeset_insert_blob_128:
     total:
       calls: 1
-      instructions: 1636767402
+      instructions: 1637608154
       heap_increase: 0
       stable_memory_increase: 0
     scopes: {}
   btreeset_insert_blob_16:
     total:
       calls: 1
-      instructions: 715664326
+      instructions: 716505078
       heap_increase: 0
       stable_memory_increase: 0
     scopes: {}
   btreeset_insert_blob_256:
     total:
       calls: 1
-      instructions: 2445225121
+      instructions: 2446065873
       heap_increase: 0
       stable_memory_increase: 0
     scopes: {}
   btreeset_insert_blob_32:
     total:
       calls: 1
-      instructions: 814718710
+      instructions: 815559462
       heap_increase: 0
       stable_memory_increase: 0
     scopes: {}
   btreeset_insert_blob_512:
     total:
       calls: 1
-      instructions: 4049839436
+      instructions: 4050680188
       heap_increase: 0
       stable_memory_increase: 128
     scopes: {}
   btreeset_insert_blob_64:
     total:
       calls: 1
-      instructions: 980469261
+      instructions: 981310013
       heap_increase: 0
       stable_memory_increase: 0
     scopes: {}
   btreeset_insert_blob_8:
     total:
       calls: 1
-      instructions: 694043361
+      instructions: 694884113
       heap_increase: 0
       stable_memory_increase: 0
     scopes: {}
   btreeset_insert_u32:
     total:
       calls: 1
-      instructions: 540164863
+      instructions: 541005615
       heap_increase: 0
       stable_memory_increase: 0
     scopes: {}
   btreeset_insert_u64:
     total:
       calls: 1
-      instructions: 561497942
+      instructions: 562338694
       heap_increase: 0
       stable_memory_increase: 0
     scopes: {}
@@ -422,140 +422,140 @@ benches:
   btreeset_range_blob_1024:
     total:
       calls: 1
-      instructions: 259870196
+      instructions: 259870198
       heap_increase: 0
       stable_memory_increase: 0
     scopes: {}
   btreeset_range_blob_128:
     total:
       calls: 1
-      instructions: 45508439
+      instructions: 45508441
       heap_increase: 0
       stable_memory_increase: 0
     scopes: {}
   btreeset_range_blob_16:
     total:
       calls: 1
-      instructions: 9508605
+      instructions: 9508607
       heap_increase: 0
       stable_memory_increase: 0
     scopes: {}
   btreeset_range_blob_256:
     total:
       calls: 1
-      instructions: 76456411
+      instructions: 76456413
       heap_increase: 0
       stable_memory_increase: 0
     scopes: {}
   btreeset_range_blob_32:
     total:
       calls: 1
-      instructions: 13294157
+      instructions: 13294159
       heap_increase: 0
       stable_memory_increase: 0
     scopes: {}
   btreeset_range_blob_512:
     total:
       calls: 1
-      instructions: 137589173
+      instructions: 137589175
       heap_increase: 0
       stable_memory_increase: 0
     scopes: {}
   btreeset_range_blob_64:
     total:
       calls: 1
-      instructions: 24443488
+      instructions: 24443490
       heap_increase: 0
       stable_memory_increase: 0
     scopes: {}
   btreeset_range_blob_8:
     total:
       calls: 1
-      instructions: 9144616
+      instructions: 9144618
       heap_increase: 0
       stable_memory_increase: 0
     scopes: {}
   btreeset_range_u32:
     total:
       calls: 1
-      instructions: 6480292
+      instructions: 6480294
       heap_increase: 0
       stable_memory_increase: 0
     scopes: {}
   btreeset_range_u64:
     total:
       calls: 1
-      instructions: 6624379
+      instructions: 6624381
       heap_increase: 0
       stable_memory_increase: 0
     scopes: {}
   btreeset_remove_blob_1024:
     total:
       calls: 1
-      instructions: 7722749146
+      instructions: 7723612026
       heap_increase: 0
       stable_memory_increase: 0
     scopes: {}
   btreeset_remove_blob_128:
     total:
       calls: 1
-      instructions: 1666415454
+      instructions: 1667278334
       heap_increase: 0
       stable_memory_increase: 0
     scopes: {}
   btreeset_remove_blob_16:
     total:
       calls: 1
-      instructions: 705483928
+      instructions: 706326808
       heap_increase: 0
       stable_memory_increase: 0
     scopes: {}
   btreeset_remove_blob_256:
     total:
       calls: 1
-      instructions: 2534126706
+      instructions: 2534989586
       heap_increase: 0
       stable_memory_increase: 0
     scopes: {}
   btreeset_remove_blob_32:
     total:
       calls: 1
-      instructions: 802114863
+      instructions: 802957743
       heap_increase: 0
       stable_memory_increase: 0
     scopes: {}
   btreeset_remove_blob_512:
     total:
       calls: 1
-      instructions: 4261462921
-      heap_increase: 0
+      instructions: 4262349463
+      heap_increase: 1
       stable_memory_increase: 0
     scopes: {}
   btreeset_remove_blob_64:
     total:
       calls: 1
-      instructions: 987128732
+      instructions: 987991612
       heap_increase: 0
       stable_memory_increase: 0
     scopes: {}
   btreeset_remove_blob_8:
     total:
       calls: 1
-      instructions: 683601373
+      instructions: 684444253
       heap_increase: 0
       stable_memory_increase: 0
     scopes: {}
   btreeset_remove_u32:
     total:
       calls: 1
-      instructions: 528154844
+      instructions: 528997724
       heap_increase: 0
       stable_memory_increase: 0
     scopes: {}
   btreeset_remove_u64:
     total:
       calls: 1
-      instructions: 553060549
+      instructions: 553903429
       heap_increase: 0
       stable_memory_increase: 0
     scopes: {}
diff --git a/benchmarks/io_chunks/canbench_results.yml b/benchmarks/io_chunks/canbench_results.yml
index b9b59d80..6df6b8c3 100644
--- a/benchmarks/io_chunks/canbench_results.yml
+++ b/benchmarks/io_chunks/canbench_results.yml
@@ -2,21 +2,21 @@ benches:
   read_chunks_btreemap_1:
     total:
       calls: 1
-      instructions: 148723585
+      instructions: 148723284
       heap_increase: 1601
       stable_memory_increase: 0
     scopes: {}
   read_chunks_btreemap_1k:
     total:
       calls: 1
-      instructions: 498228206
+      instructions: 203406339
       heap_increase: 0
       stable_memory_increase: 0
     scopes: {}
   read_chunks_btreemap_1m:
     total:
       calls: 1
-      instructions: 40940569325
+      instructions: 12127804634
       heap_increase: 0
       stable_memory_increase: 0
     scopes: {}
@@ -65,21 +65,21 @@ benches:
   write_chunks_btreemap_1:
     total:
       calls: 1
-      instructions: 360207245
+      instructions: 357205451
       heap_increase: 13
       stable_memory_increase: 1536
     scopes: {}
   write_chunks_btreemap_1k:
     total:
       calls: 1
-      instructions: 4194582593
+      instructions: 4187201659
       heap_increase: 2
       stable_memory_increase: 1536
     scopes: {}
   write_chunks_btreemap_1m:
     total:
       calls: 1
-      instructions: 83673829307
+      instructions: 83738699843
       heap_increase: 0
       stable_memory_increase: 3072
     scopes: {}
@@ -107,21 +107,21 @@ benches:
   write_chunks_vec_1:
     total:
       calls: 1
-      instructions: 549903446
+      instructions: 549903461
       heap_increase: 0
       stable_memory_increase: 1536
     scopes: {}
   write_chunks_vec_1k:
     total:
       calls: 1
-      instructions: 562132513
+      instructions: 562145515
       heap_increase: 0
       stable_memory_increase: 1536
     scopes: {}
   write_chunks_vec_1m:
     total:
       calls: 1
-      instructions: 1771593099
+      instructions: 1784593101
       heap_increase: 0
       stable_memory_increase: 1536
     scopes: {}
diff --git a/src/btreemap.rs b/src/btreemap.rs
index c6f4ae92..aa1cfa80 100644
--- a/src/btreemap.rs
+++ b/src/btreemap.rs
@@ -61,6 +61,7 @@ use allocator::Allocator;
 pub use iter::Iter;
 use node::{DerivedPageSize, Entry, Node, NodeType, PageSize, Version};
 use std::borrow::Cow;
+use std::cell::RefCell;
 use std::marker::PhantomData;
 use std::ops::{Bound, RangeBounds};
 
@@ -81,6 +82,57 @@ const DEFAULT_PAGE_SIZE: u32 = 1024;
 // A marker to indicate that the `PageSize` stored in the header is a `PageSize::Value`.
 const PAGE_SIZE_VALUE_MARKER: u32 = u32::MAX;
 
+const NODE_CACHE_NUM_SLOTS: usize = 32;
+
+/// A direct-mapped node cache modeled after CPU caches.
+///
+/// Each slot is indexed by `(node_address / page_size) % NUM_SLOTS`. Lookup
+/// is O(1) with ~5 instructions overhead. Collision = eviction (no LRU
+/// tracking needed).
+///
+/// Upper tree levels (root, depth-1) naturally stay cached because their
+/// addresses are stable and map to distinct slots.
+struct NodeCache<K: Storable + Ord + Clone> {
+    slots: Vec<(Address, Option<Node<K>>)>,
+    page_size: u32,
+}
+
+impl<K: Storable + Ord + Clone> NodeCache<K> {
+    fn new(page_size: u32) -> Self {
+        let mut slots = Vec::with_capacity(NODE_CACHE_NUM_SLOTS);
+        for _ in 0..NODE_CACHE_NUM_SLOTS {
+            slots.push((NULL, None));
+        }
+        Self { slots, page_size }
+    }
+
+    fn slot_index(&self, addr: Address) -> usize {
+        (addr.get() / self.page_size as u64) as usize % NODE_CACHE_NUM_SLOTS
+    }
+
+    fn take(&mut self, addr: Address) -> Option<Node<K>> {
+        let idx = self.slot_index(addr);
+        if self.slots[idx].0 == addr {
+            self.slots[idx].0 = NULL;
+            self.slots[idx].1.take()
+        } else {
+            None
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn put(&mut self, addr: Address, node: Node<K>) {
+        let idx = self.slot_index(addr);
+        self.slots[idx] = (addr, Some(node));
+    }
+
+    fn invalidate(&mut self, addr: Address) {
+        let idx = self.slot_index(addr);
+        if self.slots[idx].0 == addr {
+            self.slots[idx] = (NULL, None);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
 /// A B-Tree map implementation that stores its data into a designated memory.
 ///
 /// # Memory Implementations
@@ -248,6 +300,9 @@ where
     // The number of elements in the map.
     length: u64,
 
+    // Direct-mapped node cache to avoid re-loading hot nodes from stable memory.
+    cache: RefCell<NodeCache<K>>,
+
     // A marker to communicate to the Rust compiler that we own these types.
     _phantom: PhantomData<(K, V)>,
 }
@@ -358,6 +413,7 @@ where
             ),
             version: Version::V2(page_size),
             length: 0,
+            cache: RefCell::new(NodeCache::new(page_size.get())),
             _phantom: PhantomData,
         };
 
@@ -373,6 +429,11 @@ where
         let max_key_size = K::BOUND.max_size();
         let max_value_size = V::BOUND.max_size();
 
+        let version = Version::V1(DerivedPageSize {
+            max_key_size,
+            max_value_size,
+        });
+
         let btree = Self {
             root_addr: NULL,
             allocator: Allocator::new(
@@ -380,11 +441,9 @@ where
                 Address::from(ALLOCATOR_OFFSET as u64),
                 Node::<K>::max_size(max_key_size, max_value_size),
             ),
-            version: Version::V1(DerivedPageSize {
-                max_key_size,
-                max_value_size,
-            }),
+            version,
             length: 0,
+            cache: RefCell::new(NodeCache::new(version.page_size().get())),
             _phantom: PhantomData,
         };
 
@@ -434,6 +493,7 @@ where
             allocator: Allocator::load(memory, allocator_addr),
             version,
             length: header.length,
+            cache: RefCell::new(NodeCache::new(version.page_size().get())),
             _phantom: PhantomData,
         }
     }
@@ -654,7 +714,7 @@ where
             return None;
         }
         self.traverse(self.root_addr, key, |node, idx| {
-            node.extract_entry_at(idx, self.memory()).1 // Extract value.
+            node.read_value_uncached(idx, self.memory())
         })
         .map(Cow::Owned)
         .map(V::from_bytes)
@@ -662,23 +722,34 @@ where
 
     /// Returns true if the key exists.
     pub fn contains_key(&self, key: &K) -> bool {
-        // An empty closure returns Some(()) if the key is found.
         self.root_addr != NULL && self.traverse(self.root_addr, key, |_, _| ()).is_some()
     }
 
     /// Recursively traverses from `node_addr`, invoking `f` if `key` is found. Stops at a leaf if not.
+    ///
+    /// Uses the node cache: nodes are taken out before use and returned after.
     fn traverse<F, R>(&self, node_addr: Address, key: &K, f: F) -> Option<R>
     where
-        F: Fn(&mut Node<K>, usize) -> R,
+        F: Fn(&Node<K>, usize) -> R,
     {
-        let mut node = self.load_node(node_addr);
-        // Look for the key in the current node.
+        let node = self.take_or_load_node(node_addr);
         match node.search(key, self.memory()) {
-            Ok(idx) => Some(f(&mut node, idx)), // Key found: apply `f`.
-            Err(idx) => match node.node_type() {
-                NodeType::Leaf => None, // At a leaf: key not present.
-                NodeType::Internal => self.traverse(node.child(idx), key, f), // Continue search in child.
-            },
+            Ok(idx) => {
+                let result = f(&node, idx);
+                self.return_node(node);
+                Some(result)
+            }
+            Err(idx) => {
+                let child_addr = match node.node_type() {
+                    NodeType::Leaf => {
+                        self.return_node(node);
+                        return None;
+                    }
+                    NodeType::Internal => node.child(idx),
+                };
+                self.return_node(node);
+                self.traverse(child_addr, key, f)
+            }
         }
     }
 
@@ -713,6 +784,7 @@ where
         self.root_addr = NULL;
         self.length = 0;
         self.allocator.clear();
+        *self.cache.get_mut() = NodeCache::new(self.version.page_size().get());
         self.save_header();
     }
 
@@ -722,8 +794,9 @@ where
         if self.root_addr == NULL {
             return None;
         }
-        let root = self.load_node(self.root_addr);
+        let root = self.take_or_load_node(self.root_addr);
         let (k, encoded_v) = root.get_min(self.memory());
+        self.return_node(root);
         Some((k, V::from_bytes(Cow::Owned(encoded_v))))
     }
 
@@ -733,8 +806,9 @@ where
         if self.root_addr == NULL {
             return None;
         }
-        let root = self.load_node(self.root_addr);
+        let root = self.take_or_load_node(self.root_addr);
         let (k, encoded_v) = root.get_max(self.memory());
+        self.return_node(root);
         Some((k, V::from_bytes(Cow::Owned(encoded_v))))
     }
 
@@ -1273,7 +1347,13 @@ where
     ///   [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7] (stored in the `into` node)
     ///   `source` is deallocated.
     fn merge(&mut self, source: Node<K>, mut into: Node<K>, median: Entry<K>) -> Node<K> {
+        let source_addr = source.address();
         into.merge(source, median, &mut self.allocator);
+        // Node::merge saves `into` and deallocates `source` directly through
+        // the allocator, so we must invalidate both cache slots here.
+        let cache = self.cache.get_mut();
+        cache.invalidate(into.address());
+        cache.invalidate(source_addr);
         into
     }
 
@@ -1285,22 +1365,41 @@ where
         }
     }
 
-    /// Deallocates a node.
+    /// Deallocates a node and invalidates its cache slot.
     #[inline]
     fn deallocate_node(&mut self, node: Node<K>) {
+        let addr = node.address();
         node.deallocate(self.allocator_mut());
+        self.cache.get_mut().invalidate(addr);
+    }
+
+    /// Takes a node from the cache, or loads it from memory if not cached.
+    ///
+    /// Used by read paths (`&self`). The caller must call `return_node` when
+    /// done to put the node back into the cache.
+    fn take_or_load_node(&self, address: Address) -> Node<K> {
+        if let Some(node) = self.cache.borrow_mut().take(address) {
+            return node;
+        }
+        Node::load(address, self.version.page_size(), self.memory())
+    }
+
+    /// Returns a node to the cache after use on a read path.
+    fn return_node(&self, node: Node<K>) {
+        self.cache.borrow_mut().put(node.address(), node);
     }
 
-    /// Loads a node from memory.
+    /// Loads a node from memory, bypassing the cache.
     #[inline]
     fn load_node(&self, address: Address) -> Node<K> {
         Node::load(address, self.version.page_size(), self.memory())
     }
 
-    /// Saves the node to memory.
+    /// Saves the node to memory and invalidates the cache slot.
     #[inline]
     fn save_node(&mut self, node: &mut Node<K>) {
         node.save(self.allocator_mut());
+        self.cache.get_mut().invalidate(node.address());
     }
 
     /// Replaces the value at `idx` in the node, saves the node, and returns the old value.
diff --git a/src/btreemap/node.rs b/src/btreemap/node.rs
index 5daa0c40..ea912c70 100644
--- a/src/btreemap/node.rs
+++ b/src/btreemap/node.rs
@@ -205,6 +205,15 @@ impl<K: Storable + Ord + Clone> Node<K> {
         self.get_value(&self.entries[idx], memory)
     }
 
+    /// Reads the value at `idx` without storing it in the node's lazy cache.
+    /// Avoids inflating cached nodes with large value buffers.
+    #[inline(always)]
+    pub fn read_value_uncached<M: Memory>(&self, idx: usize, memory: &M) -> Vec<u8> {
+        self.entries[idx]
+            .1
+            .read_uncached(|offset, size| self.load_value_from_memory(offset, size, memory))
+    }
+
     /// Extracts the contents of key (by loading it first if it's not loaded yet).
     fn extract_key<M: Memory>(&self, key: LazyKey<K>, memory: &M) -> K {
         key.take_or_load(|offset, size| self.load_key_from_memory(offset, size, memory))
@@ -318,15 +327,6 @@ impl<K: Storable + Ord + Clone> Node<K> {
             .insert(idx, (LazyKey::by_value(key), LazyValue::by_value(value)));
     }
 
-    /// Returns the entry at the specified index while consuming this node.
-    pub fn extract_entry_at<M: Memory>(&mut self, idx: usize, memory: &M) -> Entry<K> {
-        let (key, value) = self.entries.swap_remove(idx);
-        (
-            self.extract_key(key, memory),
-            self.extract_value(value, memory),
-        )
-    }
-
     /// Removes the entry at the specified index.
     pub fn remove_entry<M: Memory>(&mut self, idx: usize, memory: &M) -> Entry<K> {
         let (key, value) = self.entries.remove(idx);
@@ -602,6 +602,24 @@ impl LazyValue {
     pub fn take_or_load(self, load: impl FnOnce(Bytes, u32) -> Blob) -> Blob {
         self.0.take_or_load(load)
     }
+
+    /// Reads the value without populating the OnceCell.
+    /// Returns the already-loaded value if present, otherwise reads from memory
+    /// into a fresh buffer without storing it in the node.
+    #[inline(always)]
+    fn read_uncached(&self, load: impl FnOnce(Bytes, u32) -> Blob) -> Blob {
+        match &self.0 {
+            LazyObject::ByVal(v) => v.clone(),
+            LazyObject::ByRef {
+                offset,
+                size,
+                loaded,
+            } => loaded
+                .get()
+                .cloned()
+                .unwrap_or_else(|| load(*offset, *size)),
+        }
+    }
 }
 
 #[derive(Debug)]